Notes: The Family History of Paul Bosdet and the Bosdet Family

Matches 301 to 350 of 1,662

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301	Ebalus, Duc d'Aquitaine also went by the nick-name of Ebalus 'the Bastard'. He was a member of the House of Poitiers. He gained the title of Comte de Poitou in 890. He gained the title of Duc d'Aquitaine in 927. Ebalus or Ebles Manzer or Manser (c. 870 - 935) was Count of Poitou and Duke of Aquitaine on two occasions: from 890 to 892 and from 902 (Poitou) and 927 (Aquitaine) to his death. Ebles was an illegitimate son of Ranulf II of Aquitaine. "Manzer" or "Mamzer" was a shameful designation that meant bastard, son of a prostitute, or illegitimate. It appears that Ebles did not mind his name, and his "illegitimacy became a part of his style." Upon the death of his father (who was poisoned), Ebles assumed his fatherâ€™s mantle and acquired the role of Count of Poitou. But Ebles could not hold onto the title for long. Aymar, a descendant of one of Ramnulf IIâ€™s predecessedors, challenged Ebles right to rule, as Ebles was merely a bastard son. In 892, Aymar, who was supported by Eudes of France, overthrew Ebles, and Ebles fled to the safety of his fatherâ€™s allies, Count Gerald of Aurillac and William the Pious, count of Avergne and Duke of Aquitaine. William the Pious had taken Ebles under his care and assured the boyâ€™s education after the death of Eblesâ€™ father. In 902, Ebles, with the assistance of William the Pious, a distant relative, conquered Poitiers while Aymar was away, and reestablished himself in his former position. Charles III, who knew Ebles as a childhood companion, then formally invested Ebles with the title, Count of Poitou. Ebles would hold this title until this death. The comital title was the only one to which he ever had legitimate investiture. Ebles allotted the abbey of Saint-Maixent to Savary, Viscount of Thouars, who had been his constant supporter. He restructured Poitou by creating new viscounties in Aulnay and Melle[disambiguation needed] and dissolved the title and position of Viscount of Poitou upon the death of its holder, Maingaud, in 925. In 904, he conquered the Limousin. In 911 he, with two other French commanders were aligned in opposition to Rollo, a Danish invader who had plundered the countryside. Ebles and the other two commanders intended to lead their armies in defense of the city of Chartes. Part of Rolloâ€™s army camped on a hill (Mont-Levis) north of the city, while the rest were stationed on the plains outside Chartes. On Saturday, July 20, 911, the battle between the French and Danish armies commenced. "Rollo and his forces were shamefully routed, smitten, as the legend tells, with corporeal blindness. A panic assuredly fell upon the heroic commander, a species of mental infirmity discernible in his descendants: the contagious terror unnerved the host. Unpursued, they dispersed and fled without resistance." At the end of the day, 6,800 Danes lay dead on the field of battle. Ebles was somewhat slow in arriving at Chartres, so he was unable to "take his due share in the conflict." His victorious partners proudly boasted of their success, and mocked Ebles and his tardy army. To redeem his honor and quiet the ridicule, Ebles accepted a challenge to confront the remant of the Danish army that remained camped on the Mont-Levis. But instead of driving the Danes away, Eblesâ€™ army was defeated soundly. "In the dark of the night, the Northmen, sounding their horns and making a terrible clamour, rushed down the mount and stormed" Ebles camp. Ebles fled and hid in a drum in a fullerâ€™s workshop. His cowardice and dishonor was derided in a popular French ballad of the Plantagenet age. When Eblesâ€™ benefactor, William the Pious, died, William was succeeded as Duke of Aquitaine by William the Younger. In 927, William the Younger died, and he left his title to his brother Acfred; but Acfred did not live even a year. Acfred made Ebles his heir, and in 928 Ebles assumed the titles Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Berry, Count of Auvergne, and Velay In 929, King Rudolph started trying to reduce the power of Ebles. He withdrew from him access to Berry, then in 932 he transferred the titles of Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Auvergne to the Count of Toulouse, Raymond Pons. Moreover, the territory of La Marche, which was under the control of the lord of Charroux, vassal of Ebles, was transformed into an independent county. Marriage and issue Ebles' first wife was Aremburga, whom he married before 10 Oct 892. His second wife was Emilienne, whom he married in 911. When Emilienne died in 913/915, Ebles married Adele the following year.[9] Adele has been commonly referred to as the daughter of Edward the Elder. Some sources believe that Adele was the same person as Edward's daughter, Ã†lfgifu, but that the confusion equating Ã†lfgifu to Adele arose from the fact that English historians did not recognize her name after it was translated into French. She has also been called Adela, Adele, Alaine, or Aliana. Ebalus had one child by Emilienne, and another one by Adele : William III of Aquitaine married Gerloc, daughter of Rollo of Normandy Ebalus, Bishop of Limoges and Treasurer of St. Hilary of Poitiers	Ebalus Duke of Aquitaine (I1523)
302	Eberhard (c. 815 - 16 December 866) was the Frankish Duke of Friuli from 846. His name is alternatively spelled Everard, Evrard, Erhard, Eberhard, or Eberard, or in Latinized fashion Everardus, Eberardus, or Eberhardus. He wrote his own name "Evvrardus". He was an important political, military, and cultural figure in the Carolingian Empire during his lifetime. He kept a large library, commissioned works of Latin literature from Lupus Servatus and Sedulius Scottus, and maintained a correspondence with the noted theologians and church leaders Gottschalk, Rabanus Maurus, and Hincmar. A note on notability "Saint Evrard, Duke of Frioul and son-in-law of Louis le DÃ©bonaire, was one of the principal personages of the Carolingian period. As his name belongs to a great history, our region could, in right name, be re-vindicated as one of his glories. Cysoing, above all, has the right to call itself Saint Evrard's village. The past of Saint Evrard and of the village of Cysoing are themselves intimately tied such that it is impossible to separate them. One would excuse us for therefore reuniting them." So reads the preface of an ecclesiastic work on Evrard and Cysoing. There was a "flurry" of research and publishing associated with the discovery of Evrard's body at Cysoing early in the twentieth century-this "flurry" was mostly limited to Lille/Roubaix and within elements of the Church. Family He inherited the title of Duke of Friuli from his father Unruoch II. His mother was Engeltrude, possibly a daughter of Beggo of Paris and Alpais. Evrard was from an illustrious Frankish family. Children (with Gisela) Eberhard (c. 837 - 840) Ingeltrude (837 or 840 - 870), probably married Henry of Franconia Unruoch III (c.840 - 874) BÃ¨renger (c.840 - 924), King of Italy AdÃ©lard (d. 874) Rudolf (d. 892) Heilwise (d. 860) GisÃ¨le (d. 863) Judith of Friuli, first married Arnulf I of Bavaria, second married Conrad II of Auxerre Disputed parentage Paternity theories His father was Unruoch II. "His father was BÃ¨renger, the son of Count Unroch." "After other authors, Unroch, the grandfather of Saint Evrard, should have been the Duke of Frioul." "Alas, some have written that Saint Evrard had for his father Carloman I, the brother of Charlemagne." "His grandfather was, it is said, the Count Unroch who was leaving the court of Charlemagne and signatory to the will of the emperor." Maternity theories His mother was Engeltron of Paris, a daughter of Begue, Count of Paris and Aupals. "As for his mother, she was, Buzelin says, the daughter of Didier, king of the Lombards." Education Saint Evrard lived in the ninth century. He was born under the reign of Charlemagne and died under that of Charles the Bald. Saint Evrard was elevated to the court of Charlemagne and of Louis the DÃ©bonaire. He took his education at the Palace School founded by Charlemagne and organized by Alcuin, where he studied from the medieval programs known as the trivium and the quadrivium. There he got a taste of the letters and sciences, at the same time that he developed his famous piety. It is without doubt that it was at the Palace School that Saint Evrard began to build the rich library of which he enumerates the books with so much care in his will. Warlike exploits and role as mediator under Louis le DÃ©bonaire As soon as his age permitted him to carry arms, Saint Evrard took part in numerous military expeditions. Named Duke of Frioul and Count or Marquis de TrÃ©vise, in Italy, he defended his country against invasion by the Bulgars and managed to completely drive these new barbarians from the peninsula-825-830. He rendered service unto Louis le DÃ©bonaire that was still more distinguished. During the tragic years (830-839) where the emperor had suffered at the hand of his son's revolt the most undignified treatment, Count Evrard remained inviolably loyal. He exercised his influence in Lothair's sphere (the elder son of the emperor) to bring about a reconciliation between father and son. It is certain that it was on his council in 839, that Lothaire went to Worms to implore the pardon of his father. Marriage and life at Cysoing In return for his services, the emperor Louis le DÃ©bonaire gave Count Evrard the highest honor possible: the hand of his (acknowledged) daughter, the Princess GisÃ¨le, in marriage. The Princess GisÃ¨le, a woman of piety and virtue, was the daughter of Louis le DÃ©bonaire and his second wife, the empress Judith. Among the rich domains the Princess brought with her in her dowry, Count Evrard found the fisc of Cysoing. One gives the name fisc, in this age, to large, rural properties separate from the royal domains; that is, to sorts of farms with a residence for the master and homes for settlers. The Royal Fisc of Cysoing, situated at the center of the country of PÃ¨vele, was one of the most beautiful in the region. The stay seemed so agreeable to Saint Evrard and the Princess GisÃ¨le that they made it one of their regular residences. The castle which they inhabited was without doubt the same as that of the lords of Cysoing in following centuries. It found itself part of a magnificent property, surrounded by water, that actually belongs to the family Bigo-Vanderhagen. The farming ditches were marked in the oldest documents. It is not rash to think these were dug in Saint Evrard's time, or perhaps even earlier. Already, in the century before (in 752), the little hamlet established on the royal fisc of Cysoing has been made famous through the martyrdom of Saint Arnoul. Saint Arnoul, a courageous warrior, who was, it is said, the father of Godefroid, Bishop of Cambrai-Arras, had been attached to the court of a noble lord, his relative. "His virtues and his merits were so radiant that God accorded his prayers more than one miracle during his life. He became even more glorious through his martyrdom." He was so devoted to his master that he eventually died for him thus attaining martyrdom. Saint Arnoul was already honored at Cysoing when Saint Evrard and Princess GisÃ¨le went to take possession of their domain. His relics were conserved there. Cysoing, of this age, has therefore a church, or less a chapel that was without doubt the same chapel as the royal fisc. Saint Evrard, at Cysoing, had a chaplain named Walgaire. They (Evrard and GisÃ¨le) decided to found a monastery at Cysoing. The project was long and difficult, and was not complete at the time of Evrard's or GisÃ¨le's deaths. The monastery was initially made in honor of Saint Saveur and Mary (mother of Jesus). The religious lived there under canon law in a community with all the rigors of the cloister. Their special function was singing solemnly in the church. They maintained public prayer. Saint Evrard was known to enjoy singing with the choir. After his later campaigns in the defense of Italy, the remains of Pope Callixtus I were re-interred in the Abbey at Cysoing. Character Saint Evrard, himself, has organized his home in a way so perfectly that it was more like a monastery than a castle. He was seconded in this task by his pious wife, GisÃ¨le, who dedicated herself to the education of their many children. The poor and ill were sure of finding not only banal security at Cysoing, but also help and protection. The social question of the time, that of serfs, also preoccupied Saint Evrard. He had freed a good number. In their testimony, he expressly refrained from impeding their liberty. He never forgot those who he didn't free, and tried to improve their lots. Though he was a courageous and formidable, he worked all his life for peace. His private virtues were no less remarkable. In his elevated position, he strove to preserve modesty and humility, to avoid splendor and arrogance. His zeal for the glory of God, to spread the Truth, to convert the infidels, was celebrated throughout the Church. Alas, his piety, his taste for ceremonies of worship, he devotion to the saints, his respect for the precious relics was apparent in his every act. Pacifier Saint Evrard's activity was not limited to the royal fisc of Cysoing, as he involved himself freely with matters of other domains and the empire in general. Emperor Louis the Debonaire went to die (840) and the war, a cruel war without mercy, exploded between the Emperor Lothaire and his two brothers, Louis le Germanique and Charles the Bald. Saint Evrard strongly deplored this fighting/battling and fratricide and made all efforts to bring it to an end. After the bloody battle of Fontenay (25 June 841), he left the ambassadorial envoy of Lothaire near that of Lothaire's brothers for peace negotiations. The preparatory conference took place in 842 at Milin, near ChÃ¢lons in Champagne. It was decided to divide the empire between the three brothers. The negotiators, among which Evrard could be found, were charged with making the partitioning equitable/fair. It was not before August 843 that they presented their report to the three kings at Verdun. Wars with the Saracens The negotiations ended and peace was re-established between the three brothers, Saint Evrard left in haste for Italy. Italy was under threat from "African Saracens". These Saracens had been named as helpers, in 842, by the Duke of Benevento and they would soon become a threat to regimes throughout the peninsula. They menaced Rome and pillaged it many times. Saint Evrard, in his position as Duke of Friuli, was made a captain/leader of the resistance. The war wore on for several years and ended in 851 with the defeat of the Saracens. "Evrard has a reputation for being both a courageous soldier and able leader throughout these battles. In the tradition of Charlemagne, Evrard forced the vanquished to convert to Christianity, meritoriously teaching them the Gospel, himself." Testament and death Sometime after this solemnity, Saint Evrard returned to Italy. We find him in 858 among the ambassadors who the emperor Louis le Jeune, son of Lothaire, sent to Ulm, near his uncle Louis le Germanique. After this date, we know nothing more about Saint Evrard until his Testimony, a very interesting/curious/strange document, whose authenticity is certain and in which we are given information on the life of Saint Evrard. This Testimony was made in Italy, at Musiestro Castle, in the county of TrÃ©vise, in 867. Evrard and his consort meticulously recorded not only their lands and possessions within a prepared will, but the identities and relationships of family members and neighboring royals. With the agreement of his spouse, Princess GisÃ¨le, Saint Evrard portioned his goods among his seven children. The eldest, Unroch, got all properties in Lombardy and Germany. The second, BÃ¨renger, got Annappes with its depencencies less Gruson and the other properties in the Hesbaye and in the Condrost. The third, AdÃ©lard, got the lands of Cysoing, Camphin, Gruson and Somain, with charges and respects of all the properties of the Abbey in these regions. The fourth, Rodolphe, got Vitry-en-Artois and Mestucha, except for the church at Vitry which was given with the Abbey at Cysoing. The three daughters of Saint Evrard, Ingletrude, Judith and Heilwich, got various other domains : Ermen, Marshem, Balghingham, Heliwsheim, Hostrenheim, Luisinga, Wendossa, Engerresteim. Saint Evrard had another daughter who carried the name of GisÃ¨le, her mother. But she was dead at the time of his testimony. The testimony split equally the jewels and ornaments of the saint, the precious objects of his chappel and the books of his library. It is dated 867, the 24th year of the reign of Lothaire's son, Louis le Jeune. Saint Evrard died the same year, 16 December.	of Fuili, Eberhard Markgraf of Fuili (I2755)
303	Ecgwynn, Egwina or Ecgwynna (fl. 890s), was the first consort of Edward the Elder, later king of the English (r. 899-924), by whom she bore the future King Ã†thelstan (r. 924-939), and a daughter who married Sihtric CÃ¡ech, Norse king of Dublin and Northumbria. Extremely little is known about her background and life. Not even her name is given in any sources until after the Norman Conquest. The first to record it is William of Malmesbury, who presents it in Latinised guise as Egwinna and who is in fact the principal source for her existence. Married life Ecgwynn's marriage to Edward the Elder appears to have been consummated before his accession to the throne (899). If Ã†thelstan was aged thirty when he was elected king (924), as William of Malmesbury claims he was, the year of his birth would have been 893 or 894. By this time, Edward had reached majority and one of his priorities would have been to secure the continuation of Alfred's line. No sources report what became of Ecgwynn afterwards, though two events are directly relevant. First, William writes that on King Alfred's instigation, Ã†thelstan was sent to be raised at the Mercian court of his aunt Ã†thelflÃ¦d. Second, it is known that by 901, Edward had taken to wife Ã†lfflÃ¦d, a daughter of ealdorman Ã†thelhelm. The reason for this decision is unclear. It may simply have been that Ecgwynn was no longer alive in 899 and that it was therefore only natural that Edward looked for a fresh bride. It is also possible that Edward's first marriage was thought to lack the political import that was needed to buttress his position as king of the English. Alfred may have been responsible for arranging the first marriage and so his death in 899 would have afforded Edward and his counsellors room to follow a different course. An anonymous daughter The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that King Ã†thelstan married his sister to Sihtric CÃ¡ech (d. 927), king of Northumbria, and that the nuptials were celebrated at the Mercian royal centre at Tamworth on 30 January 926. William notes that she was Ecgwynn's daughter, but was unable to discover her name in any of the sources available to him. It is only later sources which offer suggestions, whose value remains uncertain. Roger of Wendover (d. 1236) and Matthew Paris (d. 1259) thought that she was the St Edith (Eadgyth) who according to the Old English saints' list known as Secgan, was buried at the nunnery of Polesworth (Warwickshire), not far from Tamworth. Another late source drawing upon earlier material, the early 13th-century Chronicle by John of Wallingford, names Sihtric's wife Orgiue, possibly for Eadgifu or Eadgyth, and claims that their son was Olaf king of Northumbria, i.e. AmlaÃb CuarÃ¡n. These data have garnered a mixed response from modern historians. Some scholars favour Roger's identification or at least the possibility that her name was Eadgyth, while Barbara Yorke argues that the name Eadgyth is unlikely to belong to two of Edward's daughters, the other being a daughter by Ã†lfflÃ¦d, and prefers to identify Edith of Polesworth with an earlier namesake. Family background Ecgwynn's own family background and social status cannot be identified with any certainty. What little evidence there is appears in the main to be coloured by a controversy which surrounded Ã†thelstan's succession, contested as it probably was by supporters of Edward's sons by Ã†lfflÃ¦d. Succession William of Malmesbury claims that Alfred had intended the throne to go to Ã†thelstan, and to give ceremonial expression to his grandson's status as successor, personally invested him with a cloak, belt and sword. Moreover, Alfred is said to have ensured his education at the Mercian court of his aunt Ã†thelflÃ¦d. A Latin acrostic poem, possibly contemporary (c. 893/4 x 899), in which a young Ã†thelstan appears to be addressed as future ruler, would seem to lend credence to the idea that Ã†thelstan's eligibility for kingship was already acknowledged in the 890s. However, Edward may have entertained other plans when his second wife Ã†lfflaed had borne him sons. While his intentions are unknown, it appears to have been Ã†lfweard, Edward's eldest son by Ã†lfflÃ¦d, who on 17 July 924 succeeded his late father in Wessex, while the Mercians chose Ã†thelstan for their king. By some mishap, Ã†lfweard died within a month and Wessex was ceded to Ã†thelstan, who thereby obtained his father's entire kingdom. His accession in Wessex, however, met with considerable resistance. One indication of this is that his coronation at Kingston-upon-Thames was delayed until 4 December the following year (925). William notes explicitly that â€œa certain Ã†lfredâ€ at Winchester opposed the succession on grounds that Ã†thelstan was a concubine's son and hence an illegitimate son. Such allegations seem to have served the interests of a royal contender, especially Edwin, Ã†lfflÃ¦d's eldest surviving son. In a royal charter for a thegn (minister) called Ã†lfred, Edwin subscribes as cliton â€œÃ¦thelingâ€, witnessing after Ã†thelstan, which implies that he was recognised as his heir to the throne. The circumstances of his death in 933 suggest that any peaceful understanding which may have existed between the half-brothers had come to an end. The Annals of St. Bertin compiled by Folcuin the Deacon note laconically that Edwin, â€œdriven by some disturbance in his kingdomâ€, attempted to sail to the Continent, but was caught in a storm and drowned. Noble consort or lowly concubine The written and oral sources consulted by William of Malmesbury for his accounts of Ã†thelstan's parentage seem to reflect the political stances which polarised during these succession struggle(s). To begin with, there is the account favoured by William himself. Possibly paraphrasing from a non-contemporary Latin poem in praise of Ã†thelstan, he describes Ecgwynn as â€œa distinguished womanâ€ (illustris femina) and John of Worcester follows suit, giving the similar description â€œa very noble womanâ€ (mulier nobilissima). William was also aware of rumours (though he rejected them) that Ã†thelstan's mother was a concubine, as propagated by â€œa certain Ã†lfredâ€ who headed a group opposed to the succession. By the early 12th century, such rumours had given rise to fully-fledged popular traditions which reduced her to a low-born mistress, if still one of noble appearance. William cites an anecdote about Ã†thelstan's conception which he overheard from popular song (cantilena) and to which he gave only little credence himself. One day, when out of old affection, Edward the Elder visited his former nurse (nutrix), a reeve's wife, he met a beautiful shepherd's daughter who had been raised like a noblewoman. Edward slept with the unnamed girl, who bore him the future king called Ã†thelstan. These slurs may represent a later development of stories in favour of Ã†lfflÃ¦d's sons, but there is evidence to suggest that the status difference between Edward's first two wives had been an issue at an earlier stage. A distant but near-contemporary poet writing in the 960s, Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim, tells that Ã†thelstan's mother was lower in status (generis satis inferioris) than Ã†lfflÃ¦d, whose daughter Eadgyth married Otto I. Since she wrote her Life in praise of Otto I, Eadgyth and their descendants, presumably based on sources sympathetic to the latter, not a small degree of bias may be assumed. On the other hand, if Ecgwynn had been set aside in favour of Ã†lfflÃ¦d, then the political importance of the latter's family may have played a large part. Further near-contemporary evidence comes only indirectly by inference from later kinsmen whose precise connectedness is impossible to specify. According to his first biographer, Dunstan was related to a certain Ã†thelflÃ¦d, a lady of royal rank who was herself a niece of King Ã†thelstan, to Bishop Ã†lfheah of Winchester, to Bishop Cynesige of Lichfield, and to various men at court (including his brother Wulfric). Dunstan's father Heorstan, who lived near the â€œroyal islandâ€ of Glastonbury, cannot be shown to have been a prominent figure in the kingdom, although sources for Edward's reign are notoriously scanty. Since Ã†thelstan, Dunstan and Heorstan all share the rare onomastic element -stan, it has been tentatively suggested that they derived their kinship through Ecgwynn.[Wikipedia]	Ecgwyn (I2543)
304	Echrad daughter of the king of UÃ Ãeda Odba, an obscure branch of the southern UÃ NÃ©ill, was the mother of Tadc, whose son Toirdelbach and grandson Muirchertach rivalled Brian in power and fame.	Echrad (I2263)
305	Eckhard I of Scheyern (d. before 11 May 1091) was a son of Otto I, Count of Scheyern. His mother can not be unambiguously determined because of Otto I Scheyern was married with Haziga of Diessen (the widow of Count Herman of Kastl) and later with an unknown daughter of Count Meginhardt of Reichersbeuern and the date of Eckhard birth is not known. Eckhard I was Vogt of Freising from 1074, and Vogt of Weihenstephan from 1082. Marriage and issue Eckhard married to Richardis, a daughter of Margrave Udalrich of Carniola-OrlamÃ¼nde. They had three sons: Udalrich I, Count of Scheyern (from 1130 provost of Freising) Otto IV, Count of Wittelsbach (1083 or 1084 - 4 August 1156), the first count to use the name von Wittelsbach Eckhard II, Count of Scheyern	Eckhard I Count of Scheyern (I5349)
306	Edgar the Peaceful, or Edgar I (Old English: Eadgar) (c. 7 August 943 - 8 July 975), also called the Peaceable, was a king of England (r. 959-75). Edgar was the younger son of Edmund I of England. Accession His cognomen, "The Peaceable", was not necessarily a comment on the deeds of his life, for he was a strong leader, shown by his seizure of the Northumbrian and Mercian kingdoms from his older brother, Eadwig, in 958. A conclave of nobles held Edgar to be king north of the Thames, and Edgar aspired to succeed to the English throne. Government Though Edgar was not a particularly peaceable man, his reign was a peaceful one. The Kingdom of England was at its height. Edgar consolidated the political unity achieved by his predecessors. By the end of Edgar's reign, England was sufficiently unified that it was unlikely to regress back to a state of division among rival kingships, as it had to an extent under Eadred's reign. Edgar and Dunstan Upon Eadwig's death in October 959, Edgar immediately recalled Dunstan (eventually canonised as St. Dunstan) from exile to have him made Bishop of Worcester (and subsequently Bishop of London and Archbishop of Canterbury). Dunstan remained Edgar's advisor throughout his reign. Dead Man's Plack In 963 he reputedly killed his rival in love, Earl Ã†thelwald, near present-day Longparish, Hampshire, an event commemorated in 1825 by the erection of Dead Man's Plack. Edward Augustus Freeman debunks the Ã†thelwald story as a "tissue of romance" in his Historic essays, but his arguments were in turn refuted by the naturalist William Henry Hudson in his 1920 book Dead Man's Plack and an Old Thorn. Benedictine Reform The Monastic Reform Movement that restored the Benedictine Rule to England's undisciplined monastic communities peaked during the era of Dunstan, Ã†thelwold, and Oswald. Coronation at Bath (AD 973) Edgar the Peaceful sits aboard a barge manned by eight kings, as it moves up the River Dee. Edgar was crowned at Bath and anointed with his wife Ã†lfthryth, setting a precedent for a coronation of a queen in England itself. Edgar's coronation did not happen until 973, in an imperial ceremony planned not as the initiation, but as the culmination of his reign (a move that must have taken a great deal of preliminary diplomacy). This service, devised by Dunstan himself and celebrated with a poem in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, forms the basis of the present-day British coronation ceremony. The symbolic coronation was an important step; other kings of Britain came and gave their allegiance to Edgar shortly afterwards at Chester. Six kings in Britain, including the King of Scots and the King of Strathclyde, pledged their faith that they would be the king's liege-men on sea and land. Later chroniclers made the kings into eight, all plying the oars of Edgar's state barge on the River Dee. Such embellishments may not be factual, but the main outlines of the "submission at Chester" appear true. Death (AD 975) Edgar died on 8 July 975 at Winchester, and was buried at Glastonbury Abbey. He left two sons, the elder named Edward, who was probably his illegitimate son by Ã†thelflÃ¦d (not to be confused with the Lady of the Mercians), and Ã†thelred, the younger, the child of his wife Ã†lfthryth. He was succeeded by Edward. Edgar also had a daughter, possibly illegitimate, by Wulfryth, who later became abbess of Wilton. She was joined there by her daughter, Edith of Wilton, who lived there as a nun until her death. Both women were later regarded as saints. From Edgarâ€™s death to the Norman Conquest, there was not a single succession to the throne that was not contested. Some see Edgarâ€™s death as the beginning of the end of Anglo-Saxon England, followed as it was by three successful 11th-century conquests - two Danish and one Norman. [Wikipedia]	Edgar The Peaceful King Of England (I1752)
307	Edith of England (Old English: Eadg?Ã°) (910 - 26 January 946), also spelt Eadgyth or Ã†dgyth, was the daughter of Edward the Elder, and the wife of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. Life Edith was born to the reigning English king Edward 'the Elder' by his second wife, Ã†lfflÃ¦d, and hence was granddaughter of Alfred the Great. Nothing is known of her until in order to seal an alliance between two Saxon kingdoms, her half-brother, King Athelstan of England, sent two of his sisters to Germany, instructing the Duke of Saxony (later Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor) to choose whichever one pleased him best. Otto chose Edith and married her in 929. The remaining sister Algiva or Adiva was married to a "king near the Jupiter mountains" (the Alps). The precise identity of the husband of this sister is debated. In 936 King Henry I of Germany died and his eldest son, Eadgyth's husband, was crowned at Aachen as King Otto I. There is a surviving report of the ceremony by Widukind of Corvey which makes no mention of his wife having been crowned at this point, but according to Thietmar of Merseburg's chronicle Eadgyth was nevertheless anointed as queen, albeit in a separate ceremony. As queen, Eadgyth undertook the usual state duties of "First lady": when she turns up in the records it is generally in connection with gifts to the state's favoured monasteries or memorials to female holy women and saints. In this respect she seems to have been more diligent than her now widowed and subsequently sainted mother-in-law Queen Matilda whose own charitable activities only achieve a single recorded mention from the period of Eadgyth's time as queen. There was probably rivalry between the Benedictine Monastery of St Maurice founded at Magdeburg by Otto and Eadgyth in 937, a year after coming to the throne and Matilda's foundation at Quedlinburg Abbey, intended by her as a memorial to her husband, the late King Henry I. Eadgyth accompanied her husband on his travels, though not during battles. She spent the hostilities of 939 at Lorsch Abbey Like her brother, Athelstan, Edith was devoted to the cult of Saint Oswald and was instrumental in introducing this cult into Germany after her marriage to the emperor. Her lasting influence may have caused certain monasteries and churches in Saxony to be dedicated to this saint.[1] Eadgyth's death at a relatively young age was unexpected. Children Edith and Otto's children were: Liutgarde, married Conrad the Red Liudolf, Duke of Swabia (930-September 6 957) Tomb Her tomb is located in the Cathedral of Magdeburg. A lead coffin inside a stone sarcophagus with her name on it was found and opened in 2008 by archaeologists during work on the building. An inscription recorded that it was the body of Eadgyth, reburied in 1510. It was examined in 2009, then brought to Bristol, England, for tests in 2010. Professor Mark Horton of Bristol University said that "this may prove to be the oldest complete remains of an English royal." The investigations at Bristol, applying isotope tests on tooth enamel, checked whether she was born and brought up in Wessex and Mercia, as written history has indicated.[1][2] Testing on the bones revealed that they are the remains of Eadgyth, from study made of the enamel of the teeth in her upper jaw.[3] Testing of the enamel revealed that the individual entombed at Magdeburg had spent time as a youth in the chalky uplands of Wessex.[4] "Tests on these isotopes can give a precise record of where the person lived up to the age of 14," noted The Times of London in its story on the testing. "In this case they showed that the woman in the casket had spent the first years of her life drinking water that came from springs on the chalk hills of southern England. This matched exactly the historical records of Eadgythâ€™s early life."[5] The bones "are the oldest surviving remains of an English royal burial," Bristol University announced in a press release.[6] Following the tests the bones were re-interred in Magdeburg Cathedral on 22 October 2010.[7] References [1] Kennedy, Maev (20 January 2010). "Remains of Alfred the Great's granddaughter returned / Coming home: the Saxon queen lost for 1,000 years". The Guardian (London): pp. 5. Retrieved 20 January 2010. [2] Satter, Raphael G. (20 January 2010). "Discovery News". Bones of early English princess found in Germany. Retrieved 21 January 2010. [3] German cathedral bones 'are Saxon queen Eadgyth, BBC News, 16 June 2010 [4] Remains of first king of England's sister found in German cathedral, The Guardian, 17 June 2010 [5] The Times, Simon de Bruxelles, 17 June 2010 [6] Bones confirmed as those of Saxon Princess Eadgyth, University of Bristol, 17 June 2010 [7] KÃ¶nigin Editha im Magdeburger Dom bestattet in: Spiegel Online vom 22. Oktober 2010 Wikipedia	Eadgyth (I1500)
308	Edith Sigulfson was the daughter of Forn Sigulfson, Lord of Greystoke. She married Robert d'Oilli.	Sigulfson, Edith (I1341)
309	Edmund I (Old English: Eadmund) (922 - 26 May 946), called the Elder, the Deed-doer, the Just, or the Magnificent, was King of England from 939 until his death. He was a son of Edward the Elder and half-brother of Athelstan. Athelstan died on 27 October 939, and Edmund succeeded him as king. Military threats Shortly after his proclamation as king he had to face several military threats. King Olaf III Guthfrithson conquered Northumbria and invaded the Midlands. When Olaf died in 942 Edmund reconquered the Midlands. In 943 he became the god-father of King Olaf of York. In 944, Edmund was successful in reconquering Northumbria. In the same year his ally Olaf of York lost his throne and left for Dublin in Ireland. Olaf became the king of Dublin as Olaf Cuaran and continued to be allied to his god-father. In 945 Edmund conquered Strathclyde but ceded the territory to King Malcolm I of Scotland in exchange for a treaty of mutual military support. Edmund thus established a policy of safe borders and peaceful relationships with Scotland. During his reign, the revival of monasteries in England began. Louis IV of France One of Edmund's last political movements of which we have some knowledge is his role in the restoration of Louis IV of France to the throne. Louis, son of Charles the Simple and Edmund's half-sister Eadgifu, had resided at the West-Saxon court for some time until 936, when he returned to be crowned King of France. In the summer of 945, he was captured by the Norsemen of Rouen and subsequently released to Duke Hugh the Great, who however, held him in custody. The chronicler Richerus claims that Eadgifu wrote letters both to Edmund and to Otto I in which she requested support for her son; Edmund responded to her plea by sending angry threats to Hugh, who however, brushed them aside. Flodoard's Annales, one of Richerus' sources, report: Edmund, king of the English, sent messengers to Duke Hugh about the restoration of King Louis, and the duke accordingly made a public agreement with his nephews and other leading men of his kingdom. [...] Hugh, duke of the Franks, allying himself with Hugh the Black, son of Richard, and the other leading men of the kingdom, restored to the kingdom King Louis. Death and succession On 26 May 946, Edmund was murdered by Leofa, an exiled thief, while celebrating St Augustine's Mass Day in Pucklechurch (South Gloucestershire). John of Worcester and William of Malmesbury add some lively detail by suggesting that Edmund had been feasting with his nobles, when he spotted Leofa in the crowd. He attacked the intruder in person, but in the event, Edmund and Leofa were both killed. Edmund's sister Eadgyth, wife to Otto I, died (earlier) the same year, as Flodoard's Annales for 946 report. Edmund was succeeded as king by his brother Edred, king from 946 until 955. Edmund's sons later ruled England as: Eadwig of England, King from 955 until 957, king of only Wessex and Kingdom of Kent from 957 until his death on 1 October 959. Edgar of England, king of only Mercia and Northumbria from 957 until his brother's death in 959, then king of England from 959 until 975. He married, firstly, Ã†lfgifu circa 940. He married, secondly, Ã†thelflÃ¦d, daughter of Ã†lfgar, Ealdorman of the Wilsaetas, circa 946. Eadmund I, King of England also went by the nick-name of Edmund 'the Elder'. He succeeded to the title of King Eadmund I of England on 27 October 939. He was crowned King of England on 29 November 939 at Kingston-upon-Thames, London, England. Edmund was the half-brother of Athelstan and was only 18 years old on his accession. When Vikings from Ireland invaded, the Archbishop of Canterbury arranged a treaty between them and the English and this divided the country. Later Edmund defeated these Vikings and regained the lost territory. Edmund had allies in the Welsh princes and together they laid waste to Strathclyde. Edmund was warlike and an effective monarch. An interesting story about Edmund concerns Dunstan, who in later years became Archbishop of Canterbury. Edmund and Dunstan were good companions but treacherous courtiers wrongly discredited Dunstan and he was so upset that he contemplated leaving the country he loved so much. Just afterwards, the year was 943, he and Edmund were out riding at Cheddar when Edmund's horse reared up and bolted towards the cliffs of the Gorge. When all seemed lost, the thought struck Edmund of the evil done to Dunstan by the courtiers. He struggled and managed to regain control of his horse and thus avoid the cliffs. He called Dunstan and straightway rode with him to Glastonbury and immediately appointed his good friend as Abbot there.	King Of England, Edmund The Magnificent (I1756)
310	Edmund Ironside or Edmund II (Old English: Eadmund II Isen-Healf; c. 988/993 - 30 November 1016) was king of England from 23 April to 30 November 1016. His cognomen "Ironside" is not recorded until 1057, but may have been contemporary. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, it was given to him "because of his valour" in resisting the Danish invasion led by Cnut the Great. He fought five battles against the Danes, ending in defeat against Cnut on 18 October at the Battle of Assandun, after which they agreed to divide the kingdom, Edmund taking Wessex and Cnut the rest of the country. Edmund died shortly afterwards on 30 November, and Cnut became the king of all England. Family Edmund was a signatory to charters from 993. He was the third of the six sons of King Ã†thelred the Unready and his first wife, Ã†lfgifu, who was probably the daughter of Earl Thored of Northumbria. His elder brothers were Ã†thelstan and Egbert (died c. 1005), and younger ones, Eadred, Eadwig and Edgar. His mother died around 1000, after which his father remarried, this time to Emma of Normandy, who had two sons, Edward the Confessor and Alfred. Early life Ã†thelstan probably did not approve of the increasing influence of ealdorman Eadric Streona from 1007, and he seems to have formed a friendship with Sigeferth and Morcar, two of the leading thegns of the Five Boroughs of the East Midlands. Ã†thelstan and Edmund were close, and they probably felt threatened by Emma's ambitions for her sons. The Life of Edward the Confessor, written fifty years later, claimed that when Emma was pregnant with him, all Englishmen promised that if the child was a boy they would accept him as king. When Sweyn Forkbeard seized the throne at the end of 1013 and Ã†thelred fled to France, the brothers do not appear to have followed him, but stayed in England. Ã†thelstan died in June 1014 and left his brother estates and a sword which had belonged to king Offa of Mercia. His will also reflected the close relationship between the brothers and the nobility of the east midlands. Struggle for power Sweyn died in February 1014, and the Five Boroughs accepted his son Cnut, who married a kinswoman of Sigeferth and Morcar, as king. However, Ã†thelred returned to England and launched a surprise attack which defeated the Vikings and forced Cnut to flee England. In 1015 Sigeferth and Morcar came to an assembly in Oxford, probably hoping for a royal pardon, but they were murdered by Eadric Streona. King Ã†thelred then ordered that Sigeferth's widow, Ealdgyth, be seized and brought to Malmesbury Abbey, but Edmund seized and married her in defiance of his father, probably to consolidate his power base in the east midlands. He then received the submission of the people of the Five Boroughs. At the same time, Cnut launched a new invasion of England. In late 1015 Edmund raised an army, possibly assisted by his wife's and mother's links with the midlands and the north, but the Mercians under Eadric Streona joined the West Saxons in submitting to Cnut. In early 1016 the army assembled by Edmund dispersed when Ã†thelred did not appear to lead it, probably due to illness. Edmund then raised a new army and in conjunction with Earl Uhtred of Northumbria ravaged Eadric Streona's Mercian territories, but when Cnut occupied Northumbria Uhtred submitted to him, only to be killed by Cnut. Edmund went to London. King of England Ã†thelred died on 23 April 1016, and the citizens and councillors in London chose Edmund as king and probably crowned him. He then mounted a last-ditch effort to revive the defence of England. While the Danes laid siege to London, Edmund headed for Wessex, where the people submitted to him and he gathered an army. He fought inconclusive battles against the Danes and their English supporters at Penselwood in Somerset and Sherston in Wiltshire. He then raised the siege of London and defeated the Danes near Brentford. They renewed the siege while Edmund went to Wessex to raise further troops, returning to again relieve London, defeat the Danes at Otford, and pursue Cnut into Kent. Eadric Streona now went over to Edmund, but at the decisive Battle of Assandun on 18 October, Eadric and his men fled and Cnut decisively defeated Edmund. There may have been one further battle in the Forest of Dean, after which the two kings negotiated a peace dividing the country between them. Edmund received Wessex while Cnut took Mercia and probably Northumbria. Death Shortly afterwards, on 30 November 1016, King Edmund died, probably in London. Cnut was now able to seize control as king of England. Edmund was buried at Glastonbury Abbey in Somerset. His burial site is now lost. During the Dissolution of the Monasteries, any remains of a monument or crypt were destroyed. The location of his body is unknown. Heirs Edmund had two children by Ealdgyth, Edward the Exile and Edmund. According to John of Worcester, Cnut sent them to the king of Sweden to be murdered, but the king instead sent them to Hungary, where Edmund died but Edward prospered. He returned to England in 1057 only to die within days of his arrival. His son Edgar the Ã†theling was briefly proclaimed king after the Battle of Hastings in 1066, but submitted to William the Conqueror. Reputation In the view of M. K. Lawson, the intensity of Edmund's struggle against the Danes in 1016 is only matched by Alfred the Great's in 871, and contrasts with Ã†thelred's failure. Edmund's success in raising one army after another suggests that there was little wrong with the organs of government under competent leadership. He was "probably a highly determined, skilled and indeed inspiring leader of men". Cnut visited his tomb on the anniversary of his death and laid a cloak decorated with peacocks on it to assist in his salvation, peacocks symbolising resurrection.	Ironside, King Edmund (I3332)
311	Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Lord Mortimer (1251 - July 17, 1304) was the second son and eventual heir of Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Wigmore. His mother was Maud de Braose. As a younger son, Edmund had been intended for clerical or monastic life, and had been sent to study at Oxford University. He was made Treasurer of York in 1265. By 1268 he is recorded as studying Theology in the house of the Archbishop of York. King Henry III showed favour by supplementing his diet with the luxury of venison. The sudden death of his elder brother, Ralph, in 1276, made him heir to the family estates; yet he continued to study at Oxford. But his father's death eventually forced his departure. He returned to the March in 1282 as the new Lord Mortimer of Wigmore and immediately became involved in Welsh Marches politics. Together with his brother Roger Mortimer, Baron of Chirk, John Giffard, and Roger Lestrange, he devised a plan to trap Llywelyn the Last. Edmund sent a message to Llywelyn telling him he was coming to Llywelyn's aid and arranged to meet with him at Builth. At Irfon Bridge the Welsh prince became separated from his army. Edmund's brothers secretly forded the river behind Llywelyn's army and surprised the Welsh. In the resulting battle Llywelyn was killed and beheaded. Edmund then sent his brother Roger Mortimer of Chirk to present Llywelyn's severed head to King Edward I of England at Rhuddlan Castle. The head was displayed on the Tower of London as a warning to all rebels. In return for his services Edmund was knighted by King Edward at Winchester in 1283. In September 1285, he married Margaret de Fiennes, the daughter of William II de Fiennes and Blanche de Brienne (herself the granddaughter of John of Brienne by his third wife Berenguela of Leon), the family entering the blood royal. Their surviving children were: Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March (25 April 1287 - 29 November 1330) married Joan de Geneville, by whom he had twelve children. Maud Mortimer, married Sir Theobald II de Verdun, by whom she had four daughters, Joan, Elizabeth, Margaret, and Katherine de Verdun. John Mortimer, accidentally slain in battle by John de Leyburne. Walter Mortimer, a priest, Rector of Kingston. Edmund, a priest, Rector of Hodnet and Treasurer of the Cathedral at York. Hugh Mortimer, a priest, Rector of church at Old Radnor. They also had two daughters who became nuns; Elizabeth and Joan. Edmund served in the king's Scottish campaign and returned to fight in Wales in 1283. He was mortally wounded in a skirmish near Builth, and died at Wigmore Castle.	de Mortimer, Sir Edmund (I263)
312	Edward III (13 November 1312 - 21 June 1377) was King of England from 1327 until his death and is noted for his military success. Restoring royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father, Edward II, Edward III went on to transform the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. His reign saw vital developments in legislation and government-in particular the evolution of the English parliament-as well as the ravages of the Black Death. He remains one of only five monarchs to have ruled England or its successor kingdoms for more than fifty years. Edward was crowned at the age of fifteen, following the deposition of his father. When he was only seventeen years old, he led a coup against the de facto ruler of the country, his mother's consort Roger Mortimer, and began his personal reign. After a successful campaign in Scotland in 1333, he declared himself rightful heir to the French throne in 1337, starting what would become known as the Hundred Years' War. Following some initial setbacks, the war went exceptionally well for England; the victories of CrÃ©cy and Poitiers led to the highly favourable Treaty of BrÃ©tigny. Edward's later years, however, were marked by international failure and domestic strife, largely as a result of his inactivity and bad health. Edward III was a temperamental man, but also capable of unusual clemency. He was in many ways a conventional king, whose main interest was warfare. Admired in his own time and for centuries after, Edward was denounced as an irresponsible adventurer by later Whig historians such as William Stubbs. This view has been challenged recently, and modern historiography credits him with some significant achievements. Biography Early life Edward was born at Windsor Castle on 13 November 1312, and was often referred to as Edward of Windsor in his early years. The reign of his father, Edward II, was a particularly problematic period of English history. One source of contention was the king's inactivity, and repeated failure, in the ongoing war with Scotland. Another controversial issue was the king's exclusive patronage of a small group of royal favourites. The birth of a male heir in 1312 temporarily improved Edward II's position in relation to the baronial opposition. To further bolster the independent prestige of the young prince, the king had him created Earl of Chester at only twelve days of age. In 1325, Edward II was faced with a demand from the French king, Charles IV, to perform homage for the English Duchy of Aquitaine. Edward was reluctant to leave the country, as discontent was once again brewing domestically, particularly over his relationship with the favourite Hugh Despenser the Younger. Instead, he had his son Edward created Earl of Aquitaine in his place and sent him to France to perform the homage. The young Edward was accompanied by his mother Isabella, who was the sister of King Charles, and was meant to negotiate a peace treaty with the French. While in France, however, Isabella conspired with the exiled Roger Mortimer to have the king deposed. To build up diplomatic and military support for the venture, Isabella had Prince Edward engaged to the twelve-year-old Philippa of Hainault. An invasion of England was launched and Edward II's forces deserted him completely. The king was forced to relinquish the throne to his son, who was crowned as Edward III on 1 February 1327. It was not long before the new reign also met with other problems caused by the central position at court of Roger Mortimer, who was now the de facto ruler of England. Mortimer used his power to acquire noble estates and titles, and his unpopularity grew with the humiliation at Stanhope Park and the ensuing Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton, signed with the Scots in 1328. Also the young king came into conflict with his guardian. Mortimer knew his position in relation to the king was precarious and subjected Edward to disrespect and humiliation. The tension increased after Edward and Philippa, who had married on 24 January 1328, had a son on 15 June 1330. Eventually, Edward decided to take direct action against Mortimer. Aided by his close companion William Montagu and a small number of other trusted men, Edward took Mortimer by surprise at Nottingham Castle on 19 October 1330. Mortimer was executed and Edward IIIâ€™s personal reign began. Early reign Edward III was not content with the peace agreement made in his name, but the renewal of the war with Scotland originated in private, rather than royal initiative. A group of English magnates known as The Disinherited, who had lost land in Scotland by the peace accord, staged an invasion of Scotland and won a great victory at the Battle of Dupplin Moor in 1332. They attempted to install Edward Balliol as king of Scotland in David II's place, but Balliol was soon expelled and was forced to seek the help of Edward III. The English king responded by laying siege to the important border town of Berwick and defeated a large relieving army at the Battle of Halidon Hill. Edward reinstated Balliol on the throne and received a substantial amount of land in southern Scotland. These victories proved hard to sustain, however, as forces loyal to David II gradually regained control of the country. In 1338, Edward was forced to agree to a truce with the Scots. To mark his claim on the French crown, Edward III quartered the three lions of England with the fleurs de lys of France in his royal arms in 1340. One reason for the change of strategy towards Scotland was a growing concern for the relationship between England and France. As long as Scotland and France were in an alliance, the English were faced with the prospect of fighting a war on two fronts. The French carried out raids on English coastal towns, leading to rumours in England of a full-scale French invasion. In 1337, Philip VI confiscated the English king's duchy of Aquitaine and the county of Ponthieu. Instead of seeking a peaceful resolution to the conflict by paying homage to the French king, the way his father had done, Edward responded by laying claim to the French crown as the grandson of Philip IV. The French, however, invoked the Salic law of succession and rejected his claim. Instead, they upheld the rights of Philip IV's nephew, King Philip VI (an agnatic descendant of the House of France), thereby setting the stage for the Hundred Years' War (see family tree below). In the early stages of the war, Edward's strategy was to build alliances with other Continental princes. In 1338, Louis IV named Edward vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire and promised his support. These measures, however, produced few results; the only major military victory in this phase of the war was the English naval victory at Sluys on 24 June 1340, which secured English control of the Channel. Meanwhile, the fiscal pressure on the kingdom caused by Edward's expensive alliances led to discontent at home. The regency council at home was frustrated by the mounting national debt, while the king and his commanders on the Continent were angered by the government in England's failure to provide sufficient funds. To deal with the situation, Edward himself returned to England, arriving in London unannounced on 30 November 1340. Finding the affairs of the realm in disorder, he purged the royal administration of a great number of ministers and judges. These measures did not bring domestic stability, however, and a stand-off ensued between the king and John de Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury. Stratford claimed that Edward had violated the laws of the land by arresting royal officers. A certain level of conciliation was reached at the parliament of April 1341. Here Edward was forced to accept severe limitations to his financial and administrative freedom, in return for a grant of taxation. Yet in October the same year, the king repudiated this statute and Archbishop Stratford was politically ostracised. The extraordinary circumstances of the April parliament had forced the king into submission, but under normal circumstances the powers of the king in medieval England were virtually unlimited, a fact that Edward was able to exploit. Rodger called Edward III's own claim to be the "Sovereign of the Seas" into question, arguing there was hardly any Royal Navy before the reign of Henry V (1413-22). Rodger also argues that for much of the fourteenth century, the French had the upper hand, apart from Sluys in 1340 and, perhaps, off Winchelsea in 1350. Fortunes of war By the early 1340s, it was clear that Edward's policy of alliances was too costly, and yielded too few results. The following years saw more direct involvement by English armies, including in the Breton War of Succession, but these interventions also proved fruitless at first. A major change came in July 1346, when Edward staged a major offensive, sailing for Normandy with a force of 15,000 men. His army sacked the city of Caen, and marched across northern France, to meet up with English forces in Flanders. It was not Edward's initial intention to engage the French army, but at CrÃ©cy, just north of the Somme, he found favourable terrain and decided to fight an army led by Philip VI. On 26 August, the English army defeated a far larger French army in the Battle of CrÃ©cy. Shortly after this, on 17 October, an English army defeated and captured King David II of Scotland at the Battle of Neville's Cross. With his northern borders secured, Edward felt free to continue his major offensive against France, laying siege to the town of Calais. The operation was the greatest English venture of the Hundred Years' War, involving an army of 35,000 men. The siege started on 4 September 1346, and lasted until the town surrendered on 3 August 1347. After the fall of Calais, factors outside of Edward's control forced him to wind down the war effort. In 1348, the Black Death struck England with full force, killing a third or more of the country's population. This loss of manpower led to a shortage of farm labour, and a corresponding rise in wages. The great landowners struggled with the shortage of manpower and the resulting inflation in labour cost. To curb the rise in wages, the king and parliament responded with the Ordinance of Labourers in 1349, followed by the Statute of Labourers in 1351. These attempts to regulate wages could not succeed in the long run, but in the short term they were enforced with great vigour. All in all, the plague did not lead to a full-scale breakdown of government and society, and recovery was remarkably swift. This was to a large extent thanks to the competent leadership of royal administrators such as Treasurer William de Shareshull and Chief Justice William Edington. It was not until the mid-1350s that military operations on the Continent were resumed on a large scale. In 1356, Edward's oldest son, Edward, the Black Prince, won an important victory in the Battle of Poitiers. The greatly outnumbered English forces not only routed the French, but captured the French king, John II. After a succession of victories, the English held great possessions in France, the French king was in English custody, and the French central government had almost totally collapsed. There has been a historical debate as to whether Edward's claim to the French crown originally was genuine, or if it was simply a political ploy meant to put pressure on the French government. Regardless of the original intent, the stated claim now seemed to be within reach. Yet a campaign in 1359, meant to complete the undertaking, was inconclusive. In 1360, therefore, Edward accepted the Treaty of BrÃ©tigny, whereby he renounced his claims to the French throne, but secured his extended French possessions in full sovereignty. Later reign While Edward's early reign had been energetic and successful, his later years were marked by inertia, military failure and political strife. The day-to-day affairs of the state had less appeal to Edward than military campaigning, so during the 1360s Edward increasingly relied on the help of his subordinates, in particular William Wykeham. A relative upstart, Wykeham was made Keeper of the Privy Seal in 1363 and Chancellor in 1367, though due to political difficulties connected with his inexperience, the Parliament forced him to resign the chancellorship in 1371. Compounding Edward's difficulties were the deaths of his most trusted men, some from the 1361-62 recurrence of the plague. William Montague, Earl of Salisbury, Edward's companion in the 1330 coup, died as early as 1344. William de Clinton, who had also been with the king at Nottingham, died in 1354. One of the earls created in 1337, William de Bohun, Earl of Northampton, died in 1360, and the next year Henry of Grosmont, perhaps the greatest of Edward's captains, succumbed to what was probably plague. Their deaths left the majority of the magnates younger and more naturally aligned to the princes than to the king himself. Increasingly, Edward began to rely on his sons for the leadership of military operations. The king's second son, Lionel of Antwerp, attempted to subdue by force the largely autonomous Anglo-Irish lords in Ireland. The venture failed, and the only lasting mark he left were the suppressive Statutes of Kilkenny in 1366. In France, meanwhile, the decade following the Treaty of BrÃ©tigny was one of relative tranquillity, but on 8 April 1364 John II died in captivity in England, after unsuccessfully trying to raise his own ransom at home. He was followed by the vigorous Charles V, who enlisted the help of the capable Constable Bertrand du Guesclin. In 1369, the French war started anew, and Edward's younger son John of Gaunt was given the responsibility of a military campaign. The effort failed, and with the Treaty of Bruges in 1375, the great English possessions in France were reduced to only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux, and Bayonne. Military failure abroad, and the associated fiscal pressure of constant campaigns, led to political discontent at home. The problems came to a head in the parliament of 1376, the so-called Good Parliament. The parliament was called to grant taxation, but the House of Commons took the opportunity to address specific grievances. In particular, criticism was directed at some of the king's closest advisors. Chamberlain William Latimer and Steward of the Household John Neville were dismissed from their positions. Edward's mistress, Alice Perrers, who was seen to hold far too much power over the aging king, was banished from court. Yet the real adversary of the Commons, supported by powerful men such as Wykeham and Edmund de Mortimer, Earl of March, was John of Gaunt. Both the king and the Black Prince were by this time incapacitated by illness, leaving Gaunt in virtual control of government. Gaunt was forced to give in to the demands of parliament, but at its next convocation, in 1377, most of the achievements of the Good Parliament were reversed. Edward himself, however, did not have much to do with any of this; after around 1375 he played a limited role in the government of the realm. Around 29 September 1376 he fell ill with a large abscess. After a brief period of recovery in February 1377, the king died of a stroke at Sheen on 21 June. He was succeeded by his ten-year-old grandson, King Richard II, son of the Black Prince, since the Black Prince himself had died on 8 June 1376. Achievements of the reign Legislation The middle years of Edward's reign were a period of significant legislative activity. Perhaps the best-known piece of legislation was the Statute of Labourers of 1351, which addressed the labour shortage problem caused by the Black Death. The statute fixed wages at their pre-plague level and checked peasant mobility by asserting that lords had first claim on their men's services. In spite of concerted efforts to uphold the statute, it eventually failed due to competition among landowners for labour. The law has been described as an attempt "to legislate against the law of supply and demand", which made it doomed to fail. Nevertheless, the labour shortage had created a community of interest between the smaller landowners of the House of Commons and the greater landowners of the House of Lords. The resulting measures angered the peasants, leading to the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. The reign of Edward III coincided with the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the papacy at Avignon. During the wars with France, opposition emerged in England against perceived injustices by a papacy largely controlled by the French crown. Papal taxation of the English Church was suspected to be financing the nation's enemies, while the practice of provisions - the Pope providing benefices for clerics - caused resentment in the English population. The statutes of Provisors and Praemunire, of 1350 and 1353 respectively, aimed to amend this by banning papal benefices, as well as limiting the power of the papal court over English subjects. The statutes did not, however, sever the ties between the king and the Pope, who were equally dependent upon each other. Other legislation of importance includes the Treason Act of 1351. It was precisely the harmony of the reign that allowed a consensus on the definition of this controversial crime. Yet the most significant legal reform was probably that concerning the Justices of the Peace. This institution began before the reign of Edward III but, by 1350, the justices had been given the power not only to investigate crimes and make arrests, but also to try cases, including those of felony. With this, an enduring fixture in the administration of local English justice had been created. Parliament and taxation Parliament as a representative institution was already well established by the time of Edward III, but the reign was nevertheless central to its development. During this period, membership in the English baronage, formerly a somewhat indistinct group, became restricted to those who received a personal summons to parliament. This happened as parliament gradually developed into a bicameral institution, composed of a House of Lords and a House of Commons. Yet it was not in the upper, but in the lower house that the greatest changes took place, with the expanding political role of the Commons. Informative is the Good Parliament, where the Commons for the first time - albeit with noble support - were responsible for precipitating a political crisis. In the process, both the procedure of impeachment and the office of the Speaker were created. Even though the political gains were of only temporary duration, this parliament represented a watershed in English political history. The political influence of the Commons originally lay in their right to grant taxes. The financial demands of the Hundred Years' War were enormous, and the king and his ministers tried different methods of covering the expenses. The king had a steady income from crown lands, and could also take up substantial loans from Italian and domestic financiers. To finance warfare on Edward III's scale, however, the king had to resort to taxation of his subjects. Taxation took two primary forms: levy and customs. The levy was a grant of a proportion of all moveable property, normally a tenth for towns and a fifteenth for farmland. This could produce large sums of money, but each such levy had to be approved by parliament, and the king had to prove the necessity. The customs therefore provided a welcome supplement, as a steady and reliable source of income. An "ancient duty" on the export of wool had existed since 1275. Edward I had tried to introduce an additional duty on wool, but this unpopular maltolt, or "unjust exaction", was soon abandoned. Then, from 1336 onwards, a series of schemes aimed at increasing royal revenues from wool export were introduced. After some initial problems and discontent, it was agreed through the Ordinance of the Staple of 1353 that the new customs should be approved by parliament, though in reality they became permanent. Through the steady taxation of Edward III's reign, parliament - and in particular the Commons - gained political influence. A consensus emerged that in order for a tax to be just, the king had to prove its necessity, it had to be granted by the community of the realm, and it had to be to the benefit of that community. In addition to imposing taxes, parliament would also present petitions for redress of grievances to the king, most often concerning misgovernment by royal officials. This way the system was beneficial for both parties. Through this process the commons, and the community they represented, became increasingly politically aware, and the foundation was laid for the particular English brand of constitutional monarchy. Chivalry and national identity Central to Edward III's policy was reliance on the higher nobility for purposes of war and administration. While his father had regularly been in conflict with a great portion of his peerage, Edward III successfully created a spirit of camaraderie between himself and his greatest subjects. Both Edward I and Edward II had been limited in their policy towards the nobility, allowing the creation of few new peerages during the sixty years preceding Edward III's reign. The young king reversed this trend when, in 1337, as a preparation for the imminent war, he created six new earls on the same day. At the same time, Edward expanded the ranks of the peerage upwards, by introducing the new title of duke for close relatives of the king. Furthermore, Edward bolstered the sense of community within this group by the creation of the Order of the Garter, probably in 1348. A plan from 1344 to revive the Round Table of King Arthur never came to fruition, but the new order carried connotations from this legend by the circular shape of the garter. Polydore Vergil tells of how the young Joan of Kent, Countess of Salisbury - allegedly the king's favourite at the time - accidentally dropped her garter at a ball at Calais. King Edward responded to the ensuing ridicule of the crowd by tying the garter around his own knee with the words honi soit qui mal y pense - shame on him who thinks ill of it. This reinforcement of the aristocracy must be seen in conjunction with the war in France, as must the emerging sense of national identity. Just as the war with Scotland had done, the fear of a French invasion helped strengthen a sense of national unity, and nationalise the aristocracy that had been largely Anglo-French since the Norman conquest. Since the time of Edward I, popular myth suggested that the French planned to extinguish the English language, and as his grandfather had done, Edward III made the most of this scare. As a result, the English language experienced a strong revival; in 1362, a Statute of Pleading ordered the English language to be used in law courts, and the year after, Parliament was for the first time opened in English. At the same time, the vernacular saw a revival as a literary language, through the works of William Langland, John Gower and especially The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. Yet the extent of this Anglicisation must not be exaggerated. The statute of 1362 was in fact written in the French language and had little immediate effect, and parliament was opened in that language as late as 1377. The Order of the Garter, though a distinctly English institution, included also foreign members such as John V, Duke of Brittany and Sir Robert of Namur. Edward III - himself bilingual - viewed himself as legitimate king of both England and France, and could not show preferential treatment for one part of his domains over another. Assessment and character Edward III enjoyed unprecedented popularity in his own lifetime, and even the troubles of his later reign were never blamed directly on the king himself. Edward's contemporary Jean Froissart wrote in his Chronicles that "His like had not been seen since the days of King Arthur". This view persisted for a while but, with time, the image of the king changed. The Whig historians of a later age preferred constitutional reform to foreign conquest and discredited Edward for ignoring his responsibilities to his own nation. In the words of Bishop Stubbs: â€œ Edward III was not a statesman, though he possessed some qualifications which might have made him a successful one. He was a warrior; ambitious, unscrupulous, selfish, extravagant and ostentatious. His obligations as a king sat very lightly on him. He felt himself bound by no special duty, either to maintain the theory of royal supremacy or to follow a policy which would benefit his people. Like Richard I, he valued England primarily as a source of supplies. â€ William Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England Influential as Stubbs was, it was long before this view was challenged. In a 1960 article, titled "Edward III and the Historians", May McKisack pointed out the teleological nature of Stubbs' judgement. A medieval king could not be expected to work towards the future ideal of a parliamentary monarchy; rather his role was a pragmatic one-to maintain order and solve problems as they arose. At this, Edward III excelled. Edward had also been accused of endowing his younger sons too liberally and thereby promoting dynastic strife culminating in the Wars of the Roses. This claim was rejected by K.B. McFarlane, who argued that this was not only the common policy of the age, but also the best. Later biographers of the king such as Mark Ormrod and Ian Mortimer have followed this historiographical trend. However, the older negative view has not completely disappeared; as recently as 2001, Norman Cantor described Edward III as an "avaricious and sadistic thug" and a "destructive and merciless force." From what is known of Edward's character, he could be impulsive and temperamental, as was seen by his actions against Stratford and the ministers in 1340/41. At the same time, he was well known for his clemency; Mortimer's grandson was not only absolved, but came to play an important part in the French wars, and was eventually made a Knight of the Garter. Both in his religious views and his interests, Edward was a conventional man. His favourite pursuit was the art of war and, in this, he conformed to the medieval notion of good kingship. As a warrior he was so successful that one modern military historian has described him as the greatest general in English history. He seems to have been unusually devoted to his wife, Queen Philippa. Much has been made of Edward's sexual licentiousness, but there is no evidence of any infidelity on the king's part before Alice Perrers became his lover, and by that time the queen was already terminally ill. This devotion extended to the rest of the family as well; in contrast to so many of his predecessors, Edward never experienced opposition from any of his five adult sons.	Edward III of England (I5242)
313	Edward of Salisbury was a nobleman and courtier (curialis), probably part Anglo-Saxon, who served as High Sheriff of Wiltshire during the reigns of William I, William II and Henry I. The Chronicon Abbatiae Ramesiensis (1293) names him as a justice during the reign of Edward the Confessor. He may have been sheriff as early as 1070, he was certainly in that office by 1081, and perhaps carried on there until as late as February or March 1105, when he appears in a long list of sheriffs who witnessed a charter of Henry I. He probably served Henry as a chamberlain. As sheriff Edward received the reeveland and a certain pence pertaining the shrievalty as personal property, under certain obligations. A different man, Walter Hosate, possessed the shrievalty of Wiltshire in 1107. According to Domesday Book (1088), Edward held five hides of land at Salisbury from Bishop Herman in 1086. His manors in Wiltshire included Wilcot, where he had "a very good house", Alton Barnes, and Etchilhampton, all held "of the king", making him a tenant-in-chief (baron). That no holder of these manors before the Norman Conquest is cited suggests that Edward, whose name was Anglo-Saxon, may have held them both before and after 1066. He may also have been the castellan of the royal castle at Salisbury. Edward's predecessor in many of his manors was a certain Wulfwynn, perhaps his mother. Edward had augmented Chitterne, one of Wulfwynn's estates, with lands formerly owned by two thegns, Kenwin and Azor. These may have been family estates, subsequently enlarged by the grant of the manors of North Tidworth, Ludgershall, and Shrewton, once held by a thegn named Alfward. It is clear from sources of a century later that all of Edward's manors owed heavy knight-service to the Crown. Edward had a (probably younger) son, also Edward, who held land at Rogerville and Raimes in the Duchy of Normandy and who once witnessed a charter there of William de Tancarville. This may indicate that Edward was of mixed Anglo-Norman extraction, and perhaps emigrated to England during the reign of Edward the Confessor. The Edward of Salisbury mentioned by Orderic Vitalis as having fought with Henry I in Normandy in 1119 was probably the younger. His later descendants, who founded Lacock Abbey, claimed that he was descended from Gerold of Roumare. A certain Matilda (Maud), daughter of one of these Edwards, probably the elder, inherited a large number of estates and passed them on to her husband, Humphrey I de Bohun. One of their sons, Walter of Salisbury, was father to Patrick, the first Earl of Salisbury.	of Salisbury, Edward (I4197)
314	Edward the Exile (1016 - Late August 1057), also called Edward Ã†theling, son of King Edmund Ironside and of Ealdgyth. After the Danish conquest of England in 1016 Canute had him and his brother, Edmund, exiled to the Continent. Edward was only a few months old when he and his brother were brought to the court of Olof SkÃ¶tkonung, (who was either Canute's half-brother or stepbrother), with instructions to have the children murdered. Instead, the two boys were secretly sent to Kiev, where Olof's daughter Ingigerd was the Queen. Later Edward made his way to Hungary, probably in the retinue of Ingigerd's son-in-law, AndrÃ¡s in 1046, whom he supported in his successful bid for the Hungarian throne. On hearing the news of his being alive, Edward the Confessor recalled him to England in 1056 and made him his heir. Edward offered the last chance of an undisputed succession within the Saxon royal house. News of Edward's existence came at a time when the old Anglo-Saxon Monarchy, restored after a long period of Danish domination, was heading for catastrophe. The Confessor, personally devout but politically weak, was unable to make an effective stand against the steady advance of the powerful and ambitious sons of Godwin, Earl of Wessex. From across the Channel William, Duke of Normandy also had an eye on the succession. Edward the Exile appeared at just the right time. Approved by both king and by the Witan, the Council of the Realm, he offered a way out of the impasse, a counter both to the Godwins and to William, and one with a legitimacy that could not be readily challenged. Edward, who had been in the custody of Henry III, the Holy Roman Emperor, finally came back to England at the end of August 1057. But he died within two days of his arrival. The exact cause of Edward's death remains unclear, but he had many powerful enemies, and there is a strong possibility that he was murdered, although by whom is not known with any certainty. It is known, though, that his access to the king was blocked soon after his arrival in England for some unexplained reason, at a time when the Godwins, in the person of Harold Godwinson, were once again in the ascendant. This turn of events left the throne of England to be disputed by Earl Harold and Duke William, ultimately leading to the Norman Conquest of England. Edward's wife was a woman named Agatha, whose origins are disputed. Their children were Edgar Ã†theling, Saint Margaret of Scotland and Cristina. Edgar was nominated as heir apparent, but was too young to count for much, and was eventually swept aside by Harold Godwinson. Edward's grandchild Edith of Scotland, also called Matilda, married King Henry I of England, continuing the Anglo-Saxon line into the post-Conquest English monarchy.	Edward the Exile (I3333)
315	Egidia de Lacy, Lady of Connacht (born c. 1205), was a Hiberno-Norman noblewoman, the wife of Richard MÃ³r de Burgh, 1st Baron of Connaught and Strathearn (c.1194-1242), and the mother of his seven children, including Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster. She was also known as Gille de Lacy. Egidia was the daughter of Walter II de Lacy by his second wife Margaret de Braose. Family Egidia de Lacy was born at Trim Castle, Co. Meath, Ireland about 1205, the daughter of Walter de Lacy, Lord of Trim Castle in Meath and Ludlow Castle in Shropshire (c.1172/1241), and Margaret de Braose (1177- after 1255). Egidia was also known as Gille. She was one of at least six children. Her brother Gilbert de Lacy (c.1202 - 25 December 1230), married Isabel Bigod, by whom he had issue. Her sister Pernel de Lacy (c.1201 - after 25 November 1288), married firstly, William St. Omer, and secondly, Ralph VI de Toeni, by whom she had issue. Egidia'a paternal grandparents were Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath, and Rohese of Monmouth, and her maternal grandparents were William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber, and Maud de St. Valery. Marriage and children On 21 April 1225, she married Richard Mor de Burgh (1194 -17 February 1243), Lord of Connacht (May 1227- 1242/1243), Justiciar of Ireland (1228-1232), the son of William de Burgh and More O' Brien, daughter of Donal Mor mac Turlough O' Brien, King of Thomond and Orlachan MacMurrough of Leinster. The marriage produced seven children: Richard de Burgh, Lord of Connacht (died 1248) Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (1230 - 28 July 1271), married Aveline FitzJohn, daughter of John FitzGeoffrey, Justiciar of Ireland and Isabel Bigod, by whom he had issue, including Richard Og de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster. William de Burgh (died 1270), married and had a son, William Liath. Margery de Burgh (died after 1 March 1253), married Theobald le Botiller, son of Theobald le Botiller, chief Butler of Ireland and Joan du Marais, by whom she had issue. They were ancestors of the Butler Earls of Ormond. Unnamed daughter who married Gerald de Prendergast, by whom she had issue, including a daughter Maud de Prendergast who in her turn married as his first wife Maurice FitzGerald, 3rd Lord of Offaly. Maurice FitzGerald and Maud de Prendergast were the parents of a daughter, Juliana FitzGerald. Unnamed daughter who married Hamon de Valoignes, by whom she had issue. Alice de Burgh Death Egidia died on an unknown date in Ireland. Royal ancestor Egidia had many notable descendants, including Elizabeth de Burgh, Catherine Parr, Margaret de Clare, the Earls of Ormond, and many Kings and Queens of Scotland and England. She was the ancestor of both Anne Boleyn and King Henry VIII of England, the parents of Elizabeth I. Through the Royal families of England and Scotland, she became the ancestor of Royal houses all over Europe. Egidia became: the ancestor of David II, James V, Mary I, and James VI of Scotland; the ancestor of all the Kings and Queens regnant of England from Edward IV to Elizabeth II, with the single exception of Henry VII who was married to her greatx9-granddaughter Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV. Line of descent for the Scottish Royal family from Egidia de Lacy to David II of Scotland: Egidia de Lacy (b.c.1205) Walter de Burgh (c.1230-1271) Richard Og de Burgh (1259-1326) Elizabeth de Burgh (c.1284-1327), the wife of Robert the Bruce (Robert I of Scotland) David II of Scotland (1324-1371) Line of descent for the English Royal family from Egidia de Lacy to Edward IV of England: Egidia de Lacy (b.c.1205) Walter de Burgh (c.1230-1271) Richard Og de Burgh (1259-1326) John de Burgh (c.1286-1313) William Donn de Burg (1312-1333) Elizabeth de Burgh (1332-1363), the wife of Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, 3rd son of Edward III of England Phillipa of Clarence (1355-1382), the wife of Edmund Mortimer Roger de Mortimer (1374-1398) Anne de Mortimer (1390-1411), the wife of Richard of Conisburgh Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (1411-1460) both Edward IV of England (1442-1483) and Richard III of England (1452-1485) From Edward IV descend all subsequent Kings and Queens regnant of England who followed his brother Richard III, with only 1 exception as mentioned above, as well as James V of Scotland and his descendants. Another link exists into the Royal Windsor family through Sarah Ferguson via Wingfield[disambiguation needed], Meade[disambiguation needed], O'Brien, Fitzgerald, and then to Richard Og de Burgh, a grandson of the said Egidia de Lacy, and a greatx5-grandson of Walter de Lacey the Norman soldier. This link makes Sarah Ferguson and her ex-spouse, Queen Elizabeth II's second son Prince Andrew, Duke of York, distant cousins.	de Lacy, Egidia Lady of Connacht (I5861)
316	Eiludd Powys was an early 7th century King of Powys. One theory asserts that when Manwgan ap Selyf came to the throne in 613 he was a young boy, which led to an invasion of Powys by Eluadd ap Glast (alias Eiludd Powys), the erstwhile King of Dogfeiling. The usurper probably managed to hold the throne for some thirty years or more before he was killed fighting the Northumbrians, possibly at the Battle of Maes Cogwy (Oswestry) in 642. The Dogfeiling dynasty was finally crushed by the Saxons around 656.	Powys, Eiludd (I5619)
317	Einion ap Cunedda (c. 420-500; reigned from the 470s) (Latin: Engenius), also known as Einion Yrth ('the Impetuous') was a king of Gwynedd. One of the sons of Cunedda, it is believed he travelled with his father to north Wales in the early 450s to expel Irish raiders from the region. After his father's death, Einion inherited control over the newly founded kingdom of Gwynedd. Aided by his brother Ceredig, ruler of Ceredigion, and his nephew Meirion, ruler of Meirionnydd, Einion built upon his father's successes and further established his family's rule in the region. He was succeeded by two sons; Cadwallon Lawhir and Owain Ddantgwyn.	ap Cunedda, Einion Yrth (I5609)
318	Eleanor de Braose (c. 1228-1251) was a Cambro-Norman noblewoman and a wealthy co-heiress of her father, who was the powerful Marcher lord William de Braose, and of her mother, Eva Marshal, a co-heiress of the Earls of Pembroke. Her husband was Humphrey de Bohun, heir of the 2nd Earl of Hereford, by whom she had three children, including Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford. Family Eleanor was born in about 1228. She was the youngest daughter and co-heiress of the powerful Marcher lord William de Braose, and Eva Marshal, both of whom held considerable lordships and domains in the Welsh Marches and Ireland. Eva was one of the daughters of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke by Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke, daughter of Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, "Strongbow". Eleanor had three older sisters, Isabella de Braose, Maud de Braose, Baroness Wigmore, and Eve de Braose, wife of William de Cantelou. A manuscript which narrates the descent of the founders of Llanthony Abbey names Isabella, Matildis, Eve et Alianore as the four daughters of Willielmis de Brews quartus and his wife Evam filiam domini Willielmis Mareschalli. The document clearly shows that Eleanor was the youngest of the four girls. When Eleanor was about two years old, her father - known to the Welsh as Gwilym Ddu (Black William) - was hanged on the orders of Llewelyn the Great, Prince of Wales for alleged adultery with Llewelyn's wife, Joan, Lady of Wales. Following the execution, her mother held de Braose lands and castles in her own right. Marriage and issue On an unknown date after August 1241, Eleanor became the first wife of Humphrey de Bohun, the son of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford and Maud de Lusignan. The marriage took place after the death of Humphrey's mother, Maud. Together Humphrey and Eleanor had three children: Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford (c.1249- 31 December 1298), married Maud de Fiennes, daughter of Enguerrand II de Fiennes and Isabelle de Conde, by whom he had issue, including Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford. Gilbert de Bohun, married Margaret whose surname is not known and by whom he had issue. His brother granted him Eleanor's lands in Ireland. Alianore de Bohun (died 20 February 1314, buried Walden Abbey). She married Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby on 26 June 1269 and they had two children. Eleanor died in 1251 and was buried at Llanthony Secunda Priory. A manuscript names Elinor of Brewis, Ladi and heire of the land of Bricon among those buried at the priory of Llanthony. She passed on her considerable possessions in the Welsh Marches to her eldest son Humphrey. Her husband married secondly Joan de Quincy, by whom he had a son, John de Bohun of Haresfield. He died on 31 October 1265.	de Briouze, Eleanor (I1396)
319	Eleanor of Aquitaine (French: AliÃ©nor dâ€™Aquitaine; Ã‰lÃ©onore de Guyenne) (1122 or 1124 - 1 April 1204) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages. As well as being Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, she was queen consort of France (1137-1152) and of England (1154-1189). She was the patroness of such literary figures as Wace, BenoÃ®t de Sainte-Maure, and Bernart de Ventadorn. She belonged to the French House of Poitiers, the Ramnulfids. Eleanor succeeded her father, becoming Duchess of Aquitaine and Countess of Poitiers, and by extension, the most eligible bride in Europe, at the age of fifteen. Three months after her accession, she married Louis VII, son of her guardian, King Louis The Fat. As Queen of France, she participated in the unsuccessful Second Crusade. Soon after the Crusade, Eleanor sought an annulment of her marriage but was rejected by Pope Eugene III. However, after the birth of Alix, another daughter, Louis agreed to an annulment. The marriage was annulled on 11 March 1152, on the grounds of consanguinity within the fourth degree. Their daughters were declared legitimate and custody was awarded to Louis, while Eleanor's lands were restored to her. As soon as the annulment was granted, Eleanor became engaged to Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou, who became King Henry II of England in 1154; he was her cousin within the third degree and was nine years younger than she. The couple married on 18 May 1152, eight weeks after the annulment of Eleanor's first marriage. Over the next thirteen years, she bore Henry eight children: five sons, three of whom would become kings, and three daughters. However, Henry and Eleanor eventually became estranged. She was imprisoned between 1173 and 1189 for supporting her son Henry's revolt against her husband. Eleanor was widowed on 6 July 1189. Her husband was succeeded by their son, Richard I, who immediately released his mother. Now queen dowager, Eleanor acted as a regent while Richard went on the Third Crusade. Eleanor survived Richard and lived well into the reign of her youngest son John. By the time of her death, she had outlived all her children except for King John and Eleanor, Queen of Castile. Early life The exact date and place of Eleanor's birth are not known. A late 13th century genealogy of her family listed her as 13 years old in the spring of 1137. Some chronicles mentioned a fidelity oath of some lords of Aquitaine on the occasion of Eleanor's fourteenth birthday in 1136; this and her known age of 82 at her death makes 1122 her likely year of birth. Her parents almost certainly married in 1121. Her birthplace may have been Poitiers, Bordeaux, or Nieul-sur-l'Autise, where her mother died when Eleanor was 6 or 8. Eleanor or AliÃ©nor was the oldest of three children of William X, Duke of Aquitaine, whose glittering ducal court was on the leading edge of early-12th-century culture, and his wife, Aenor de ChÃ¢tellerault, the daughter of Aimeric I, Viscount of ChÃ¢tellerault, and Dangereuse, who was William IX's longtime mistress as well as Eleanor's maternal grandmother. Her parents' marriage had been arranged by Dangereuse with her paternal grandfather, the Troubadour. Eleanor was named for her mother Aenor and called AliÃ©nor, from the Latin alia Aenor, which means the other Aenor. It became ElÃ©anor in the langues d'oÃ¯l (Northern French) and Eleanor in English. There is, however, an earlier Eleanor on record: Eleanor of Normandy, William the Conqueror's aunt, who lived a century earlier than Eleanor of Aquitaine. By all accounts, Eleanor's father ensured that she had the best possible education. Although her native tongue was Poitevin, she was taught to read and speak Latin, was well versed in music and literature, and schooled in riding, hawking, and hunting. Eleanor was extroverted, lively, intelligent, and strong willed. In the spring of 1130, when Eleanor was six, her four-year-old brother William Aigret and their mother died at the castle of Talmont, on Aquitaine's Atlantic coast. Eleanor became the heir presumptive to her father's domains. The Duchy of Aquitaine was the largest and richest province of France; Poitou (where Eleanor spent most of her childhood) and Aquitaine together were almost one-third the size of modern France. Eleanor had only one other legitimate sibling, a younger sister named Aelith but always called Petronilla. Her half brothers, William and Joscelin, were acknowledged by William X as his sons, but not as his heirs. Later, during the first four years of Henry II's reign, all three siblings joined Eleanor's royal household. Inheritance In 1137, Duke William X left Poitiers, going to Bordeaux and taking his daughters. On reaching Bordeaux, he left them in the charge of the Archbishop of Bordeaux, one of the Duke's few loyal vassals. The duke then set out for the Shrine of Saint James of Compostela, in the company of other pilgrims; however, he died on Good Friday 9 April 1137. Eleanor, aged about fifteen, became the Duchess of Aquitaine, and thus the most eligible heiress in Europe. As these were the days when kidnapping an heiress was seen as a viable option for obtaining a title, William had dictated a will on the very day he died, bequeathing his domains to Eleanor and appointing King Louis VI of France as her guardian. William requested the King to take care of both the lands and the duchess, and to also find her a suitable husband. However, until a husband was found, the King had the legal right to Eleanor's lands. The Duke also insisted to his companions that his death be kept a secret until Louis was informed - the men were to journey from Saint James across the Pyrenees as quickly as possible, to call at Bordeaux to notify the Archbishop, and then to make all speed to Paris, to inform the King. The King of France himself was also gravely ill at that time, suffering "a flux of the bowels" (dysentery) from which he seemed unlikely to recover. Despite his immense obesity and impending mortality, however, Louis the Fat remained clear-minded. To his concerns regarding his new heir, Louis, who had been destined for the monastic life of a younger son (the former heir, Philip, having died from a riding accident), was added joy over the death of one of his most powerful vassals - and the availability of the best duchy in France. Presenting a solemn and dignified manner to the grieving Acuitainian messengers, upon their departure he became overjoyed, stammering in delight. Rather than act as guardian to the Duchess and duchy, he decided, he would marry the duchess to his heir and bring Aquitaine under the French Crown, thereby greatly increasing the power and prominence of France and the Capets. Within hours, then, Louis had arranged for his 17 year-old son, Prince Louis, to be married to Eleanor, with Abbot Suger in charge of the wedding arrangements. Prince Louis was sent to Bordeaux with an escort of 500 knights, as well as Abbot Suger, Theobald II, Count of Champagne and Count Ralph. First marriage On 25 July 1137 the couple was married in the Cathedral of Saint-AndrÃ© in Bordeaux by the Archbishop of Bordeaux. Immediately after the wedding, the couple were enthroned as Duke and Duchess of Aquitaine. However, there was a catch: the land would remain independent of France until Eleanor's oldest son became both King of the Franks and Duke of Aquitaine. Thus, her holdings would not be merged with France until the next generation. She gave Louis a wedding present that is still in existence, a rock crystal vase, currently on display at the Louvre. Louis gave the vase to the Saint Denis Basilica. This vase is the only object connected with Eleanor of Aquitaine still surviving. Louis's tenure as Count of Poitou and Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony lasted only few days. Although he had been invested as such on the 8th of August, on his and Eleanor's tour of the provinces a messenger caught up with them with the news that on 1 August, King Louis VI had died of dysentery. Louis VII had become the King of France. He and Eleanor were anointed and crowned King and Queen of the Franks on Christmas Day of the same year. Possessing a high-spirited nature, Eleanor was not popular with the staid northerners (according to sources, LouisÂ´s mother, AdÃ©laide de Maurienne, thought her flighty and a bad influence)--she was not aided by memories of Queen Constance, the ProvenÃ§al wife of Robert II, tales of whose immodest dress and language were still told with horror. Her conduct was repeatedly criticized by Church elders (particularly Bernard of Clairvaux and Abbot Suger) as indecorous. The King, however, was madly in love with his beautiful and worldly bride and granted her every whim, even though her behavior baffled and vexed him to no end. Much money went into beautifying the austere CitÃ© Palace in Paris for Eleanor's sake. Conflict Eleanor's grandfather, William IX of Aquitaine, gave her this rock crystal vase, which she in turn gave to Louis as a wedding gift. He later donated it to the Abbey of Saint-Denis. This is the only known surviving artifact of Eleanor's. Although Louis was a pious man, he soon came into a violent conflict with Pope Innocent II. In 1141, the archbishopric of Bourges became vacant, and the King put forward as a candidate one of his chancellors, Cadurc, whilst vetoing the one suitable candidate, Pierre de la Chatre, who was promptly elected by the canons of Bourges and consecrated by the Pope. Louis accordingly bolted the gates of Bourges against the new Bishop; the Pope, recalling William X's similar attempts to exile Innocent's supporters from Poitou and replace them with priests loyal to himself, blamed Eleanor, saying that Louis was only a child and should be taught manners. Outraged, Louis swore upon relics that so long as he lived Pierre should never enter Bourges. This brought the interdict upon the King's lands. Pierre de la Chatre was given refuge by Theobald II, Count of Champagne. Louis became involved in a war with Count Theobald of Champagne by permitting Raoul I, Count of Vermandois and seneschal of France, to repudiate his wife ElÃ©onore of Blois, Theobald's sister, and to marry Petronilla of Aquitaine, Eleanor's sister. Eleanor urged Louis to support her sister's illegitimate marriage to Raoul of Vermandois. Champagne had also offended Louis by siding with the Pope in the dispute over Bourges. The war lasted two years (1142-44) and ended with the occupation of Champagne by the royal army. Louis was personally involved in the assault and burning of the town of Vitry. More than a thousand people who had sought refuge in the church died in the flames. Horrified, and desiring an end to the war, Louis attempted to make peace with Theobald in exchange for supporting the lift of the interdict on Raoul and Petronilla. This was duly lifted for long enough to allow Theobald's lands to be restored; it was then lowered once more when Raoul refused to repudiate Petronilla, prompting Louis to return to the Champagne and ravage it once more. In June, 1144, the King and Queen visited the newly built monastic church at Saint-Denis. Whilst there, the Queen met with Bernard of Clairvaux, demanding that he have the excommunication of Petronilla and Raoul lifted through his influence on the Pope, in exchange for which King Louis would make concessions in Champagne, and recognise Pierre de la Chatre as archbishop of Bourges. Dismayed at her attitude, Bernard scolded her for her lack of penitence and her interference in matters of state. In response, Eleanor broke down, and meekly excused her behaviour, claiming to be bitter because of her lack of children. In response to this, Bernard became more kindly towards her: "My child, seek those things which make for peace. Cease to stir up the King against the Church, and urge upon him a better course of action. If you will promise to do this, I in return promise to entreat the merciful Lord to grant you offspring." In a matter of weeks, peace had returned to France: Theobald's provinces had been returned, and Pierre de la Chatre was installed as Archbishop of Bourges. In April 1145, Eleanor gave birth to a daughter, Marie. Louis, however still burned with guilt over the massacre at Vitry-le-BrÃ»lÃ©, and desired to make a Pilgrimage to the Holy Land in order to atone for his sins. Fortuitously for him, in the Autumn of 1145, Pope Eugenius requested Louis to lead a Crusade to the Middle East, to rescue the Frankish Kingdoms there from disaster. Accordingly, Louis declared on Christmas Day 1145 at Bourges his intention of going on a crusade. Crusade Eleanor of Aquitaine took up the Second Crusade formally during a sermon preached by Bernard of Clairvaux. However she had been corresponding with her uncle Raymond, King and holder of family properties in Antioch where he was seeking further protection from the French crown. She recruited for the campaign, finally assembling some of her royal ladies-in-waiting as well as 300 non-noble vassals. She insisted on taking part in the Crusades as the feudal leader of the soldiers from her duchy. The story that she and her ladies dressed as Amazons is disputed by serious historians, sometime confused with the account of King Conrad's train of ladies during this campaign (in Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire). Her testimonial launch of the Second Crusade from VÃ©zelay, the rumored location of Mary MagdaleneÂ´s burial, dramatically emphasized the role of women in the campaign. The Crusade itself achieved little. Louis was a weak and ineffectual military leader with no skill for maintaining troop discipline or morale, or of making informed and logical tactical decisions. In eastern Europe, the French army was at times hindered by Manuel I Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor, who feared that it would jeopardize the tenuous safety of his empire; however, during their 3-week stay at Constantinople, Louis was fÃªted and Eleanor was much admired. She is compared with Penthesilea, mythical queen of the Amazons, by the Greek historian Nicetas Choniates; he adds that she gained the epithet chrysopous (golden-foot) from the cloth of gold that decorated and fringed her robe. Louis and Eleanor stayed in the Philopation palace, just outside the city walls. Second Crusade council: Conrad III of Germany, Eleanor's husband Louis VII of France, and Baldwin III of Jerusalem From the moment the Crusaders entered Asia Minor, the Crusade went badly. The King and Queen were still optimistic - the Byzantine Emperor had told them that the German King Conrad had won a great victory against a Turkish army (when in fact the German army had been massacred), and the great troop was still eating well. However, whilst camping near Nicea, the remnants of the German army, including a dazed and sick King Conrad, straggled past the French camp, bringing news of their disaster. The French, with what remained of the Germans, then began to march in increasingly disorganized fashion, towards Antioch. Their spirits were buoyed on Christmas Eve - when they chose to camp in the lush Dercervian valley near Ephesus, they were ambushed by a Turkish detachment; the French proceeded to slaughter this detachment and appropriate their camp. Louis then decided to directly cross the Phrygian mountains, in the hope of speeding his approach to take refuge with Eleanor's uncle Raymond in Antioch. As they ascended the mountains, however, the army and the King and Queen were left horrified by the unburied corpses of the previously slaughtered German army. On the day set for the crossing of Mount Cadmos, Louis chose to take charge of the rear of the column, where the unarmed pilgrims and the baggage trains marched. The vanguard, with which Queen Eleanor marched, was commanded by her Aquitainian vassal, Geoffrey de Rancon; this, being unencumbered by baggage, managed to reach the summit of Cadmos, where de Rancon had been ordered to make camp for the night. De Rancon however chose to march further, deciding in concert with the Count of Maurienne (LouisÂ´ uncle) that a nearby plateau would make a better camp: such disobedience was reportedly common in the army, due to the lack of command from the King. Accordingly, by midafternoon, the rear of the column - believing the day's march to be nearly at an end - was dawdling; this resulted in the army becoming divided, with some having already crossed the summit and others still approaching it. It was at this point that the Turks, who had been following and feinting for many days, seized their opportunity and attacked those who had not yet crossed the summit. The Turks, having seized the summit of the mountain, and the French (both soldiers and pilgrims) having been taken by surprise, there was little hope of escape: those who tried were caught and killed, and many men, horses and baggage were cast into the canyon below the ridge. William of Tyre placed the blame for this disaster firmly on the baggage and the presence of non-combatants. The King was saved by his lack of authority - having scorned a King's apparel in favour of a simple soldier's tunic, he escaped notice (unlike his bodyguards, whose skulls were brutally smashed and limbs severed). He reportedly "nimbly and bravely scaled a rock by making use of some tree roots which God had provided for his safety", and managed to survive the attack. Others were not so fortunate: "No aid came from Heaven, except that night fell." The official scapegoat for the disaster was Geoffrey de Rancon, who had made the decision to continue, and it was suggested that he be hanged (a suggestion which the King ignored). Since he was Eleanor's vassal, many believed that it was she who had been ultimately responsible for the change in plan, and thus the massacre. This did nothing for her popularity in Christendom - as did the blame affixed to her baggage, and the fact that her Aquitainian soldiers had marched at the front, and thus were not involved in the fight. From here the army was split by a land march with the royalty taking the sea path to Antioch. When most of the land army arrived, the King and Queen had a profound dispute. Some, such as John of Salisbury and William of Tyre say Eleanor's reputation was sullied by rumours of an affair with her uncle Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch. However, this may have been a mask, as Raymond through Eleanor tried to forcibly sway Louis to use his army to attack the actual Muslim encampment at nearby Aleppo, gateway to recovering Edessa, the objective of the Crusade by papal decree. Although this was perhaps the better military plan, Louis was not keen to fight in northern Syria. One of Louis' avowed Crusade goals was to journey in pilgrimage to Jerusalem and he stated his intention to continue. Eleanor then reputedly requested to stay with Raymond and brought up the matter of consanguinity - the fact that she and Louis were actually related within prohibited degrees. This was grounds for divorce in the medieval period. Rather than allow her to stay, Louis took Eleanor from Antioch against her will, and continued on to Jerusalem, with his army dwindling. Eleanor was humiliated by this episode, and maintained a low profile for the rest of the crusade. Louis' subsequent assault on Damascus with his remaining army, fortified by King Conrad and Baldwin III of Jerusalem in 1148 achieved comparatively little. Damascus was a major trading centre which abounded in wealth and was under normal circumstances a potential threat, but the rulers of Jerusalem had recently entered into a truce with the city, which they then forswore. It was a gamble which did not pay off, and whether through military error or betrayal, the Damascus campaign was a failure, and the royal family retreated to Jerusalem and then sailed to Rome and back to Paris. While in the eastern Mediterranean, Eleanor learned about maritime conventions developing there, which were the beginnings of what would become admiralty law. She introduced those conventions in her own lands, on the island of Oleron in 1160 ("Rolls of OlÃ©ron") and later in England as well. She was also instrumental in developing trade agreements with Constantinople and ports of trade in the Holy Lands. Annulment Even before the Crusade, Eleanor and Louis were becoming estranged. The city of Antioch had been annexed by Bohemond of Hauteville in the First Crusade, and it was now ruled by Eleanor's flamboyant uncle, Raymond of Antioch, who had gained the principality by marrying its reigning Princess, Constance of Antioch. Eleanor supported her uncle's desire to re-capture the nearby County of Edessa, the cause of the Crusade. In addition, having been close to him in their youth, she now showed excessive affection towards her uncle - whilst many historians[who?] today dismiss this as familial affection (noting their early friendship, and his similarity to her father and grandfather), many of Eleanor's adversaries mistook the generous displays of affection between uncle and niece for an incestuous affair. Louis was directed by the Church to visit Jerusalem instead. When Eleanor declared her intention to stand with Raymond and the Aquitaine forces, Louis had her brought out by force. His long march to Jerusalem and back north debilitated his army, but her imprisonment disheartened her knights, and the divided Crusade armies could not overcome the Muslim forces. For reasons of plunder and the Germans' insistence on conquest, the Crusade leaders targeted Damascus, an ally until the attack. Failing in this attempt, they retired to Jerusalem, and then home. Before sailing for home, Eleanor got the terrible news that Raymond, with whom she had the winning battle plan for the Crusade, had been beheaded by the overpowering forces of the Muslim armies from Edessa. Home, however, was not easily reached. The royal couple, on separate ships due to their disagreements, were first attacked in May by Byzantine ships attempting to capture both (in order to take them to Byzantium, according to the orders of the Emperor). Although they escaped this predicament unharmed, stormy weather served to drive Eleanor's ship far to the south (to the Barbary Coast), and to similarly lose her husband. Neither was heard of for over two months: at which point, in mid-July, Eleanor's ship finally reached Palermo in Sicily, where she discovered that she and her husband had both been given up for dead. The King still lost, she was given shelter and food by servants of King Roger II of Sicily, until the King eventually reached Calabria, and she set out to meet him there. Later, at King Roger's court in Potenza, she learnt of the death of her uncle Raymond; this appears to have forced a change of plans, for instead of returning to France from Marseilles, they instead sought the Pope in Tusculum, where he had been driven five months before by a Roman revolt. Pope Eugenius III did not, as Eleanor had hoped, grant an annulment; instead, he attempted to reconcile Eleanor and Louis, confirming the legality of their marriage, and proclaiming that no word could be spoken against it, and that it might not be dissolved under any pretext. Eventually, he arranged events so that Eleanor had no choice but to sleep with Louis in a bed specially prepared by the Pope. Thus was conceived their second child - not a son, but another daughter, Alix of France. The marriage was now doomed. Still without a son and in danger of being left with no male heir, facing substantial opposition to Eleanor from many of his barons and her own desire for divorce, Louis had no choice but to bow to the inevitable. On 11 March 1152, they met at the royal castle of Beaugency to dissolve the marriage. Hugues de Toucy, Archbishop of Sens and Primate of France, presided, and Louis and Eleanor were both present, as were the Archbishops of Bordeaux and Rouen. Archbishop Samson of Reims acted for Eleanor. On 21 March, the four archbishops, with the approval of Pope Eugenius, granted an annulment due to consanguinity within the fourth degree (Eleanor and Louis were fourth cousins, once removed, and shared common ancestry with Robert II of France). Their two daughters were, however, declared legitimate and custody of them awarded to King Louis. Archbishop Samson received assurances from Louis that Eleanor's lands would be restored to her. Second marriage Henry II of England The marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine to Henry of Anjou and Henry's subsequent succession to the throne of England created the Angevin empire. Two lords - Theobald V, Count of Blois, son of the Count of Champagne, and Geoffrey, Count of Nantes (brother of Henry II, Duke of Normandy) - tried to kidnap Eleanor to marry her and claim her lands on Eleanor's way to Poitiers. As soon as she arrived in Poitiers, Eleanor sent envoys to Henry, Count of Anjou and Duke of Normandy, asking him to come at once and marry her. On 18 May 1152 (Whit Sunday), eight weeks after her annulment, Eleanor married Henry 'without the pomp and ceremony that befitted their rank'. She was related to him more closely than she had been to Louis. Eleanor and Henry were cousins to the third degree through their common ancestor, Ermengarde of Anjou (wife to Robert I, Duke of Burgundy and Geoffrey, Count of GÃ¢tinais); they were also both descendants of Robert II of France. A marriage between Henry and Eleanor's daughter, Marie, had indeed been declared impossible for this very reason. One of Eleanor's rumoured lovers had been Henry's own father, Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, who had advised his son to avoid any involvement with her. On 25 October 1154, Eleanor's second husband became King of England. Eleanor was crowned Queen of England by the Archbishop of Canterbury on 19 December 1154. It may be, however, that she was not anointed on this occasion, because she had already been anointed in 1137. Over the next thirteen years, she bore Henry five sons and three daughters: William, Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, John, Matilda, Eleanor, and Joan. John Speed, in his 1611 work History of Great Britain, mentions the possibility that Eleanor had a son named Philip, who died young. His sources no longer exist and he alone mentions this birth. Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Their son William, and Henry's illegitimate son, Geoffrey, were born just months apart. Henry fathered other illegitimate children throughout the marriage. Eleanor appears to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs: for example, Geoffrey of York, an illegitimate son of Henry and a prostitute named Ykenai, was acknowledged by Henry as his child and raised at Westminster in the care of the Queen. The period between Henry's accession and the birth of Eleanor's youngest son was turbulent: Aquitaine, as was the norm, defied the authority of Henry as Eleanor's husband; attempts to claim Toulouse, the rightful inheritance of Eleanor's grandmother and father, were made, ending in failure; the news of Louis of France's widowhood and remarriage was followed by the marriage of Henry's son (young Henry) to Louis' daughter Marguerite; and, most climactically, the feud between the King and Thomas Becket, his Chancellor, and later Archbishop of Canterbury. Little is known of Eleanor's involvement in these events. By late 1166, and the birth of her final child, however, Henry's notorious affair with Rosamund Clifford had become known, and her marriage to Henry appears to have become terminally strained. 1167 saw the marriage of Eleanor's third daughter, Matilda, to Henry the Lion of Saxony; Eleanor remained in England with her daughter for the year prior to Matilda's departure to Normandy in September. Afterwards, Eleanor proceeded to gather together her movable possessions in England and transport them on several ships in December to Argentan. At the royal court, celebrated there that Christmas, she appears to have agreed to a separation from Henry. Certainly, she left for her own city of Poitiers immediately after Christmas. Henry did not stop her; on the contrary, he and his army personally escorted her there, before attacking a castle belonging to the rebellious Lusignan family. Henry then went about his own business outside Aquitaine, leaving Earl Patrick (his regional military commander) as her protective custodian. When Patrick was killed in a skirmish, Eleanor (who proceeded to ransom his captured nephew, the young William Marshal), was left in control of her inheritance. The Court of Love in Poitiers Of all her influence on culture, Eleanor's time in Poitiers (1168-1173) was perhaps the most critical and yet very little is known about it. Henry II was elsewhere, attending to his own affairs after escorting Eleanor to Poitiers. It is Eleanorâ€™s court in Poitiers that some believe to have been the â€˜Court of Loveâ€™, where Eleanor and her daughter Marie meshed and encouraged the ideas of troubadours, chivalry, and courtly love into a single court. It may have been largely a court (meaning place rather than a judicial setting) to teach manners, as the French courts would be known for in later generations. The existence and reasons for this court are debated. In The Art of Courtly Love, Andreas Capellanus (Andrew the chaplain) refers to the court of Poitiers. He claims that several women, including Eleanor and her daughter Marie de Champagne, would sit and listen to the quarrels of lovers and act as a jury to the questions of the court that revolved around acts of romantic love. He records some twenty-one cases, the most famous of them being a problem posed to the women about whether or not true love can exist in marriage. According to Capellanus, the women decided that it was not at all likely. Some scholars believe that, because the only evidence for the "courts of love" is Andreas Capellanusâ€™s book The Art of Courtly Love, they probably never existed; to further strengthen their argument, they say that there is also no evidence that Marie ever stayed with her mother in Poitiers, beyond her name being mentioned in Andreasâ€™s work. Andreas wrote for the court of the king of France, where Eleanor was not well-regarded. Others, such as Polly Schoyer Brooks (the author of a non-academic biography of Eleanor), suggest that the court did exist, but that it was not taken very seriously and that the acts of Courtly Love were just a â€œparlor gameâ€ made up by Eleanor and Marie in order to place some order over the young courtiers living there. That is not to say that Eleanor invented courtly love, for it was a concept that had begun to grow before Eleanorâ€™s court arose. Still, because we do not have much information about what occurred while Eleanor was in Poitiers, all that can be taken from this episode is that her court there was most likely a catalyst for the increased popularity of courtly love literature in the Western European regions. Amy Kelly, in her article â€œEleanor of Aquitaine and her Courts of Loveâ€, gives a very plausible description of the origins of the rules of Eleanor's court: â€œin the Poitevin code, man is the property, the very thing of woman; whereas a precisely contrary state of things existed in the adjacent realms of the two kings from whom the reigning duchess of Aquitaine was estranged.â€ Revolt and capture In March 1173, aggrieved at his lack of power and egged on by his father's enemies, the younger Henry launched the Revolt of 1173-1174. He fled to Paris. From there 'the younger Henry, devising evil against his father from every side by the advice of the French King, went secretly into Aquitaine where his two youthful brothers, Richard and Geoffrey, were living with their mother, and with her connivance, so it is said, he incited them to join him'. One source claimed that the Queen sent her younger sons to France 'to join with him against their father the King'. Once her sons had left for Paris, Eleanor may have encouraged the lords of the south to rise up and support them. Sometime between the end of March and the beginning of May, Eleanor left Poitiers but was arrested and sent to the King at Rouen. The King did not announce the arrest publicly; for the next year, the Queen's whereabouts were unknown. On 8 July 1174, Henry and Eleanor took ship for England from Barfleur. As soon as they disembarked at Southampton, Eleanor was taken either to Winchester Castle or Sarum Castle and held there. Years of imprisonment 1173-1189 Eleanor was imprisoned for the next sixteen years, much of the time in various locations in England. During her imprisonment, Eleanor had become more and more distant with her sons, especially Richard (who had always been her favorite). She did not have the opportunity to see her sons very often during her imprisonment, though she was released for special occasions such as Christmas. About four miles from Shrewsbury and close by Haughmond Abbey is "Queen Eleanor's Bower", the remains of a triangular castle which is believed to have been one of her prisons. Henry lost the woman reputed to be his great love, Rosamund Clifford, in 1176. He had met her in 1166 and began the liaison in 1173, supposedly contemplating divorce from Eleanor. This notorious affair caused a monkish scribe to transcribe Rosamond's name in Latin to "Rosa Immundi", or "Rose of Unchastity". The king had many mistresses, but although he treated earlier liaisons discreetly, he flaunted Rosamond. He may have done so to provoke Eleanor into seeking an annulment but, if so, the queen disappointed him. Nevertheless, rumours persisted, perhaps assisted by Henry's camp, that Eleanor had poisoned Rosamund. Henry donated much money to Godstow Nunnery, where Rosamund was buried. In 1183, the Young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. In debt and refused control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at Limoges. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the Young King realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193 she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory. King Philip II of France claimed that certain properties in Normandy belonged to his half-sister, Margaret of France, widow of the young Henry, but Henry insisted that they had once belonged to Eleanor and would revert to her upon her son's death. For this reason Henry summoned Eleanor to Normandy in the late summer of 1183. She stayed in Normandy for six months. This was the beginning of a period of greater freedom for the still-supervised Eleanor. Eleanor went back to England probably early in 1184. Over the next few years Eleanor often traveled with her husband and was sometimes associated with him in the government of the realm, but still had a custodian so that she was not free. Widowhood Upon the death of her husband Henry on 6 July 1189, Richard was his undisputed heir. One of his first acts as king was to send William Marshal to England with orders to release Eleanor from prison, who found upon their arrival that her custodians had already released her. Eleanor rode to Westminster and received the oaths of fealty from many lords and prelates on behalf of the King. She ruled England in Richard's name, signing herself as 'Eleanor, by the grace of God, Queen of England'. On 13 August 1189, Richard sailed from Barfleur to Portsmouth, and was received with enthusiasm. She ruled England as regent while Richard went off on the Third Crusade. Later, when Richard was captured, she personally negotiated his ransom by going to Germany. Eleanor survived Richard and lived well into the reign of her youngest son King John. In 1199, under the terms of a truce between King Philip II of France and King John, it was agreed that Philip's twelve-year-old heir-apparent Louis would be married to one of John's nieces of Castile. John deputed Eleanor to travel to Castile to select one of the princesses. Now 77, Eleanor set out from Poitiers. Just outside Poitiers she was ambushed and held captive by Hugh IX of Lusignan, which had long ago been sold by his forebears to Henry II. Eleanor secured her freedom by agreeing to his demands and journeyed south, crossed the Pyrenees, and travelled through the Kingdoms of Navarre and Castile, arriving before the end of January, 1200. King Alfonso VIII and her daughter, Queen Eleanor (also called Leonora of England) of Castile had two remaining unmarried daughters, Urraca and Blanche. Eleanor selected the younger daughter, Blanche. She stayed for two months at the Castilian court. Late in March, Eleanor and her granddaughter Blanche journeyed back across the Pyrenees. When she was at Bordeaux where she celebrated Easter, the famous warrior Mercadier came to her and it was decided that he would escort the Queen and Princess north. "On the second day in Easter week, he was slain in the city by a man-at-arms in the service of Brandin", a rival mercenary captain. This tragedy was too much for the elderly Queen, who was fatigued and unable to continue to Normandy. She and Blanche rode in easy stages to the valley of the Loire, and she entrusted Blanche to the Archbishop of Bordeaux, who took over as her escort. The exhausted Eleanor went to Fontevraud, where she remained. In early summer, Eleanor was ill and John visited her at Fontevraud. Eleanor was again unwell in early 1201. When war broke out between John and Philip, Eleanor declared her support for John, and set out from Fontevraud for her capital Poitiers to prevent her grandson Arthur, John's enemy, from taking control. Arthur learned of her whereabouts and besieged her in the castle of Mirabeau. As soon as John heard of this he marched south, overcame the besiegers and captured Arthur. Eleanor then returned to Fontevraud where she took the veil as a nun. Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewelry. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for King John and Queen Eleanor. Appearance Contemporary sources praise Eleanor's beauty. Even in an era when ladies of the nobility were excessively praised, their praise of her was undoubtedly sincere. When she was young, she was described as perpulchra - more than beautiful. When she was around 30, Bernard de Ventadour, a noted troubadour, called her "gracious, lovely, the embodiment of charm," extolling her "lovely eyes and noble countenance" and declaring that she was "one meet to crown the state of any king." William of Newburgh emphasized the charms of her person, and even in her old age, Richard of Devizes described her as beautiful, while Matthew Paris, writing in the 13th century, recalled her "admirable beauty." However, no one left a more detailed description of Eleanor; the color of her hair and eyes, for example, are unknown. The effigy on her tomb shows a tall and large-boned woman with brown skin, though this may not be an accurate representation. Her seal of c. 1152 shows a woman with a slender figure, but this is likely an impersonal image. Issue Issue of Eleanor & Henry Name Birth Death Marriage(s) By Louis VII of France (married 12 July 1137, annulled 21 March 1152) Marie, Countess of Champagne 1145 11 March 1198 married Henry I, Count of Champagne; had issue Alix, Countess of Blois 1151 1198 married Theobald V, Count of Blois; had issue By Henry II of England (married 18 May 1152, widowed 6 July 1189) William IX, Count of Poitiers 17 August 1153 April 1156 never married; no issue Henry the Young King 28 February 1155 11 June 1183 married Margaret of France; no surviving issue. Matilda, Duchess of Saxony June 1156 13 July 1189 married Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony; had issue Richard I of England 8 September 1157 6 April 1199 married Berengaria of Navarre; no issue Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany 23 September 1158 19 August 1186 married Constance, Duchess of Brittany; had issue Eleanor, Queen of Castile 13 October 1162 31 October 1214 married Alfonso VIII of Castile; had issue Joan, Queen of Sicily October 1165 4 September 1199 married 1) William II of Sicily 2) Raymond VI of Toulouse; had issue John, King of England 27 December 1166 19 October 1216 married 1) Isabella, Countess of Gloucester 2) Isabella, Countess of AngoulÃªme; had issue	of Aquitaine, Eleanor (I5642)
320	Electoral Registers, London, England: London Metropolitan Archives	Source (S238)
321	Electoral Registers, London, England: London Metropolitan Archives	Source (S341)
322	Elias I (also HÃ©lie or Ã‰lie) (died 11 July 1110), called de la FlÃ¨che or de Baugency, was the Count of Maine, succeeding his cousin Hugh V, Count of Maine. Life He was the son of Jean de la FlÃ¨che and Paula, daughter of Herbert I, Count of Maine. In 1092, his cousin Hugh V sold Maine to him for 10,000 shillings. With the support of Fulk IV of Anjou, he continued the war with Robert II of Normandy. After Robert's departure with the First Crusade, Elias made peace with William Rufus, Robert's regent in Normandy. Family In 1090 Elias married Matilda, daughter of Gervais II, Lord of ChÃ¢teau-du-Loir. They had a daughter: Eremburg, married Fulk V of Anjou. In 1109, says Orderic Vitalis, Elias remarried to Ag	Elias I Count of Maine (I548)
323	Elisedd ap Gwylog (died c. 755), also known as Elise, was king of Powys in eastern Wales. Little has been preserved in the historical records about Elisedd, who was a descendant of Brochwel Ysgithrog. He appears to have reclaimed the territory of Powys after it had been overrun by the English. His great-grandson, Cyngen ap Cadell erected a column in his memory which stands not far from the later abbey of Valle Crucis. This is known as the Pillar of Eliseg, but the form Eliseg which appears on the column is thought to be a mistake by the carver of the inscription. The Latin inscription on the pillar is now very hard to read, but was apparently clearer in the time of Edward Lhuyd who transcribed it. The translation of the part of the inscription referring to Elisedd is as follows: + Concenn son of Catell, Catell son of Brochmail, Brochmail son of Eliseg, Eliseg son of Guoillauc. + And that Concenn, great-grandson of Eliseg, erected this stone for his great-grandfather Eliseg. + The same Eliseg, who joined together the inheritance of Powys . . . out of the power of the Angles with his sword and with fire. + Whosoever repeats the writing, let him give a blessing on the soul of Eliseg. Some old poems refer to Elisedd and assert he had a "special crown, a chain of twisted gold links, and armlets and anklets of gold which were the badges of sovereignty of Powys". These artifacts have disappeared from history but perhaps resurfaced briefly during the coronation of Owain Glyndw^r in 1400. Elisedd was succeeded by his son Brochfael.	ap Gwylog, Elisedd (I5616)
324	Elizabeth de Vermandois is the daughter of Hugh de CrÃ©pi, Comte de Vermandois et de Valois and Aelis de Vermandois, Comtesse de Vermandois. She married, firstly, Robert de Meulan, 1st Earl of Leicester, son of Roger de Beaumont, Seigneur de Portaudemer and Adeline de Meulan, in 1096. She married, secondly, William II de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey, son of William I de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey and Gundreda, after 5 June 1118. She was also known as Isabel de Vermandois. She was also known as Isabel de CrÃ©pi. From 1096, her married name became de Beaumont. Her married name became de Warenne. Elizabeth of Vermandois, or Elisabeth or Isabel de Vermandois (ca. 1081 - 13 February 1131), was a niece of Philip I of France who was twice married to influential Anglo-Norman magnates. Family Elizabeth of Vermandois was the third daughter of Hugh Magnus and Adelaide of Vermandois, and as such represented both the Capetian line of her paternal grandfather Henry I of France, and the Carolingian ancestry of her maternal grandfather Herbert IV of Vermandois. Her father was a younger brother of Philip I of France. Countess of Leicester In 1096, at age 15, Elizabeth married Robert de Beaumont, Count of Meulan and 1st Earl of Leicester. The count was 46 at the time of the marriage, which was an unusual age difference even for the late 11th century. He was a nobleman of some significance in France, having inherited lands from his maternal uncle Henry, Count of Meulan, and had fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 under the command of his distant kinsman William the Conqueror. For this service, he was awarded English lands in addition to those in Meulan and Normandy he had inherited. However, at the time of the marriage, he held no earldom in England while his younger brother was already styled Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick. Meulan was a respected advisor to three reigning monarchs: William II of England, Robert Curthose of Normandy and Philip I of France. According to Middle Ages custom, brides were often betrothed young - 8 being the legal age for betrothal and 12 for marriage (for women). The young betrothed wife would often go to her husband's castle to be raised by his parents or other relatives and to learn the customs and ways of her husband's family. The actual wedding would not take place until much later. Some genealogists speculate that the usual age at which a noble bride could expect the marriage to be consummated would be 14. This is consistent with the date of birth of Elizabeth's first child Emma in 1102 when she would be about 15 to 17. The marriage produced several children, including most notably two twin sons (born 1104) who both become important noblemen. These men, known to historians of this period as the Beaumont twins, were Waleran de Beaumont, Count of Meulan and his younger twin Robert Bossu (the Humpback) or Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester. Another notable child of this marriage was Elisabeth or Isabel de Beaumont, one of the youngest mistresses of Henry I of England and later mother (by her first marriage) of Richard Strongbow. William II of England died suddenly in a purported hunting accident, and was hastily succeeded not by the expected heir but by the youngest brother Henry. This seizure of the throne led to an abortive invasion by the older brother Duke Robert of Normandy, followed by an uneasy truce between the brothers. The reprieve was only temporary, and there was unrest in both England and Normandy for some time (stirred up by Duke Robert, and by an exiled nobleman Robert of BellÃªme, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury). Finally, Henry invaded Normandy and in the Battle of Tinchebray (September 28, 1106) destroyed organized opposition to his takeover of Normandy and imprisoned his ineffectual older brother for his lifetime. Meulan and his brother Warwick were apparently supporters of Henry during this entire period, and Meulan was rewarded with the earldom of Leicester in 1103. By 1107, Meulan was in possession of substantial lands in three domains. In 1111, he was able to revenge himself on the attack on his seat Meulan by Louis VI of France by harrying Paris. Countess of Surrey Elizabeth, Countess of Meulan apparently tired of her aging husband at some point during the marriage. The historian Planche says (1874) that the Countess was seduced by or fell in love with a younger nobleman, William de Warenne (c. 1071-11 May 1138) himself the thwarted suitor of Edith of Scotland, Queen consort of Henry I of England. Warenne was said to want a royal bride, and Elizabeth fitted his requirements, even though she was also another man's wife. In 1115, the Countess was apparently carried off or abducted by Warenne, which abduction apparently concealed a long-standing affair. There was some kind of separation or divorce between Meulan and his wife, which however did not permit her to marry her lover. The elderly Count of Meulan died, supposedly of chagrin and mortification in being thus publicly humiliated, in the Abbey of Preaux, Normandy on 5 June 1118, leaving his properties to his two elder sons whom he had carefully educated. Elizabeth married, secondly, William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey, sometime after the death of her first husband. By him, it is alleged, she already had several children (all born during her marriage to Meulan). She also had at least one daughter born while she was living out of wedlock with Warenne (1115-1118). It is unclear whether this daughter was Ada de Warenne, wife of Henry of Scotland or Gundrede de Warenne, wife of Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick (her half-brothers' first cousin). The later life of Elizabeth de Vermandois is not known. Her sons by her first marriage appear to have a good relationship with their half-brother William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey although on opposing sides for much of the wars between Stephen and Matilda. Her eldest son Waleran, Count of Meulan was active in supporting the disinherited heir William Clito, son of Robert Curthose until captured by King Henry. He was not released until Clito's death without issue in 1128. Her second son Robert inherited his father's English estates and the earldom of Leicester and married the heiress of the Fitzosbern counts of Breteuil. Her daughter Isabel however became a king's concubine or mistress at a young age; it is unclear whether her mother's own life or her eldest brother's political and personal travails in this period played any part in this decision. Before her mother died, Isabel had become wife of Gilbert de Clare, later (1147) Earl of Pembroke, so had adopted a more conventional life like her mother. Children and descendants During her first marriage (1096-1115) to Robert de Beaumont, Count of Meulan (d 5 June 1118), Elizabeth had 3 sons (including twin elder sons) and 6 daughters: Emma de Beaumont (born 1102), was betrothed as an infant to Aumari, nephew of William, Count of Ã‰vreux, but the marriage never took place. She probably died young, or entered a convent. Waleran IV de Beaumont, Count of Meulan (born 1104) married and left issue. Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester (born 1104) married and left issue (his granddaughter Isabella of Gloucester was the unfortunate first wife of King John. Hugh de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Bedford (born c. 1106) lost his earldom, left issue Adeline de Beaumont (b ca 1107), married twice: Hugh IV, 4th Lord of Montfort-sur-Risle to whom she was married firstly by her brother Waleran Richard de Granville of Bideford (d. 1147) Aubree (or Alberee) de Beaumont (b ca 1109), married by her brother Waleran to Hugh II of ChÃ¢teauneuf-en-Thimerais (possibly son of Hugh I of ChÃ¢teauneuf-en-Thimerais and his wife Mabille de Montgomerie, 2nd daughter of Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury) Maud de Beaumont (b ca 1111), married by her brother Waleran to William Lovel, or Louvel or Lupel, son of Ascelin Goel, Lord of Ivri. Isabel de Beaumont (b Aft. 1102), a mistress of King Henry I of England. Married twice: Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke by whom she was mother of Richard Strongbow, who invaded Ireland 1170 HervÃ© de Montmorency, Constable of Ireland (this marriage is not conclusively proven) In her second marriage, to William de Warenne, Elizabeth had three sons and two daughters (for a total of fourteen children - nine during her first marriage, and five during her second): William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey and Warenne (b. 1119 dspm 1147) whose daughter Isabelle de Warenne, Countess of Surrey married 1stly William, Count of Boulogne (dsp), yr son of King Stephen, and married 2ndly Hamelin Plantagenet, an illegitimate half-brother of King Henry II of England by whom she had issue, later earls of Surrey and Warenne. Reginald de Warenne, who inherited his father's property in upper Normandy. He married Adeline, daughter of William, lord of Wormgay in Norfolk, by whom he had a son William, whose daughter and sole heir Beatrice married first Dodo, lord Bardolf, and secondly Hubert de Burgh; Ralph de Warenne (dsp) Gundrada de Warenne, (Gundred) who married first Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick and had issue; second (as his 2nd wife) William de Lancaster and is most remembered for expelling king Stephen's garrison from Warwick Castle; and they had issue. Ada de Warenne (d. ca. 1178), who married Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, younger son of King David I of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon by his marriage to the heiress Matilda or Maud, 2nd Countess of Huntingdon (herself great-niece of William I of England) and had issue. They were parents to Malcolm IV of Scotland and William I of Scotland and their youngest son, David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon, who was ancestor of all Kings of Scotland since 1292.	of Vermandois, Elizabeth Countess of Leicester (I819)
325	Elsie Elizabeth was born on the 26th Feb 1891 in the Union Workhouse, Bootle and Henry Braithwaite the master ofthe Workhouse registered the birth. The family were still living in the Workhouse on that year's Census.	Mossop, Elsie Elizabeth (I3881)
326	Emma (1014-1062) was the daughter of Rotbold III of Provence and Ermengarda. She inherited the title Margrave of Provence from her elder brother William III in 1037 and married William III of Toulouse. With William, she had four children: Pons, who succeeded to Toulouse Bertrand, who succeeded Pons in Toulouse (1060) and his mother in Provence Ildegarda Elisa, wife of Fulk Bertrand of Provence Rangarda, wife of Peter Raymond of Carcassonne	of Provence, Emma (I5650)
327	Emma de Normandie was born between 985 and 987 at Normandy, France. She was the daughter of Richard I, 3rd Duc de Normandie and Gunnor de CrÃªpon. She married, firstly, Ã†thelred II 'the Unready', King of England, son of Eadgar 'the Peaceful', King of England and Ã†lfthryth, on 5 April 1002 at Winchester Cathedral, Winchester, Hampshire, England. She married, secondly, Canute II Sveynsson, King of England and Denmark, son of Sveyn I 'Forkbeard' Haraldsson, King of Denmark and England and Gunhilda of Poland, on 2 July 1017. She died on 14 March 1052 at Winchester, Hampshire, England. She was buried at Winchester Cathedral, Winchester, Hampshire, England. Emma (c.?985 - 6 March 1052 in Winchester, Hampshire), was a daughter of Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy, by his second wife Gunnora. She was Queen consort of England twice, by successive marriages: first as second wife to Ã†thelred the Unready of England (1002-16); and then second wife to Cnut the Great of Denmark (1017-35). Two of her sons, one by each husband, and two stepsons, also by each husband, became kings of England, as did her great-nephew, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy. Life Reign of Ã†thelred In 1000-1 Normandy gave shelter to a Viking army threatening England, and Ã†thelred may have attempted an invasion of Normandy in response, but in 1002 he changed tack and arranged to marry Emma, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy, as his second wife. She was given an English name, Ã†lfgifu, which was used instead of her Norman name on formal occasions or on charters. She had two sons, Edward (the future Edward the Confessor) and Alfred, and a daughter, Goda. She was accorded a more prominent place in charters than his first wife. She received properties that had belonged to Queen Ã†lfthryth in Winchester and Rutland, and also controlled the city of Exeter, parts of Devonshire, Suffolk and Oxfordshire. In 1013 Ã†thelred sent Emma and her children to her brother in Normandy to escape Sweyn's invasion, and soon followed himself, but they were able to return when Sweyn died in February 1014. Ã†thelred's eldest son, Ã†thelstan had long been recognised as heir apparent, and charter evidence shows that Edward ranked behind all Ã†thelred's sons by his first marriage, but Ã†thelstan died in June 1014, and Emma now tried to get her own son, the ten year old Edward, recognised as heir. She was an ally of her husband's most trusted adviser, the deeply distrusted Eadric Streona, ealdorman of Mercia, and he took her side, but she was opposed by Ã†thelred's oldest surviving son, Edmund Ironside, and his allies, who naturally regarded him as the heir. Edmund revolted against his father, and in 1015 Sweyn's son Cnut invaded. Ã†thelred was able to hold out against Cnut in London, but in April 1016 Ã†thelred died, as did Edmund in November. Queen Emma still held out against Cnut in London, but it was finally agreed that her sons should go to live in Normandy and she would marry Cnut. The marriage probably saved her sons, as Cnut tried to rid himself of rival claimants, but spared their lives. Reign of Cnut During the first years of Cnut's reign, Emma was rarely called upon to act as witness to his acts. This changed around 1020, when she became more active in affairs. Like Queen Ã†lfthryth, she acted as patroness of the clergy and abbot Ã†lfsige of Peterborough was one of her closest advisors. She also befriended clergy from the continent, which added to the prestige of both herself and her husband as a Christian king. It is thought though, due not least to the extolling of her in the Encomium Emmae Reginae, that in addition to political machinations, Cnut grew fond of Emma. In this, an affectionate marriage and the ability to keep the threat from over the channel at bay, was seen as a happy coincidence. Reigns of Harold I, Harthacnut and Edward the Confessor After Cnut's death, Edward and Alfred returned to England from their exile in 1036, to see their mother, and were put under their half-brother, Harthacnut's, protection. This was seen as a move against Harold Harefoot, Cnut's son by Ã†lfgifu of Northampton, who put himself forward as Harold I with the support of many of the English nobility. In contempt of Harthacnut, and at war with his enemies in Scandinavia, Alfred was captured, blinded, and shortly after, died from his wounds. Edward escaped to Normandy and Emma herself soon left for Bruges and the court of the Count of Flanders. It was at this court that the Encomium Emmae was written. Twice the Queen of the English kingdom, Emma of Normandy sits here in receipt of the Encomium Emmae, with her sons Harthacnut and Edward the Confessor in the frame. Harthacnut prepared an invasion force after he had made his Danish Lands secure in 1040 and picked Emma up from Flanders before setting out to England. The death of Harold I in 1040 made his accession easier. Emma then held Wessex as regent for her son Edward, until he was officially made welcome in England the next year. Harthacnut told the Norman court that Edward should be made king if he himself had no sons. Edward was subsequently King of England on the death of Harthacnut, who, like Harold I, met his end in the throes of a fit. Emma was also to return to England, yet was cast aside, as she supported Magnus the Noble, not Edward, her son. It is supposed that she had no love for her children from her first marriage. Psychological speculation Emma of Normandy might well have seen herself as coming second to the first wife, in both of her marriages (Ã†thelred's first wife Ã†lfflaed possibly died in childbirth or from complications during labour). With her marriage to Cnut, set in the shade of his first wife, Ã†lfgifu of Northampton, she, at the time was known as Ã†lfgifu of Normandy. Her second marriage, then, in some way left her as a second Ã†lfgifu, which she was clearly inclined to abandon, preferring Emma. Despite her being a second wife, her noble marriages created a strong connection between England and Normandy, which was to find its culmination under her great-nephew William the Conqueror in 1066. Emma's progeny Emma's issue with Ã†thelred the Unready were: Edward the Confessor Goda of England Alfred Ã†theling Her issue with Cnut the Great were Harthacnut Gunhilda of Denmark	de Normandie, Emma (I2795)
328	Emma of Blois (c. 950-1003) became Duchess of Aquitaine through marriage. She was the daughter of Theobald I, Count of Blois and Luitgarde of Vermandois. In 968, she married William IV, Duke of Aquitaine. His overindulging in hunting and women offended her greatly. Around 996, he retired to a monastery. Emma then ruled Aquitaine as regent for their son William V.	of Blois, Emma (I5280)
329	Emma of France (894 - November 2, 934) was daughter of Robert I of France and Aelis. In 921 she married Duke Rudolph of Burgundy who was crowned king 13 July 923, at Saint-MÃ©dard de Soissons. She was very politically active and an army leader. The marriage produced a son, who died young. She died in 934, after having helped her husband stop the revolts of several vassals. Her family is known as the Robertians.	of France, Emma (I4186)
330	Emma Plantagenet was the daughter of Geoffrey V Plantagenet, Comte d'Anjou et Maine and Matilda 'the Empress' of England. She married Guy de Laval, Sire de Laval. She married Dafydd ap Owain, Prince of East Gwynnedd, son of Owain ap Gruffyd, King of Gwynedd and Cristin ferch Goronwy.	Plantagenet, Emma (I3396)
331	Engelberga (or Angilberga, died between 896 and 901) was the wife of Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor, from 5 October 851 to his death on 12 August 875. As empress, she exerted a powerful influence over her husband. Her family, the Supponids, prospered during Louis's reign. Engelberga was probably the daughter of Adelchis I of Parma. In 868, she became abbess of San Salvatore, Brescia, a convent with a history of royal abbesses. In 896, she became abbess of her own foundation of San Sisto in Piacenza. In January 872, the aristocracy tried to have her removed, as she had not borne the emperor any sons. Instead, Louis opened negotiations with Louis the German, King of East Francia, to make him his heir. In order to sideline Engelberga, the nobility elected Charles the Bald, King of West Francia, on Louis's death. Boso V of Arles, a faithful of Charles, kidnapped Engelberga and her only surviving daughter, Ermengard. He forced the latter to marry him in June 876, at the same time he was made Charles' governor in Italy with the title of dux. With Engelberga's backing, Boso declare himself King of Provence on 15 October 879. Subsequently, Engelberga was banished to Swabia. After Charles the Fat's forces took Vienne in 882, Engelberga was allowed to return to Italy and confirmed in her possessions.	Engelberga (I5660)
332	Engelbert II (died 12 or 13 April 1141) from the House of Sponheim was Margrave of Istria and Carniola from sometime between 1101 and 1107 until 1124. In 1124, he was raised to a Duke of Carinthia and Margrave of Verona which he held until his retirement in 1135. Engelbert II was the son of Count Engelbert I of Sponheim and his wife Hedwig of uncertain descent, maybe a daughter of the Billung duke Bernard II of Saxony. He married Uta, daughter of Burgrave Ulric of Passau (died about 1099). Together they were the parents of the following children: Ulric I, succeeded his father in Carinthia in 1135 Engelbert III, succeeded his father in Istria, Carniola and Kraiburg in 1124 Henry, Bishop of Troyes in 1145 Matilda, married Count Theobald the Great of Blois-Champagne Rapoto I, Count of Ortenburg in 1130 and Kraiburg in 1173 Adelheid, Abbess of GÃ¶ss in 1146 Hartwig II, Bishop of Regensburg in 1155 Ida, married Count William III of Nevers About 1100 he established the County of Kraiburg on the inherited estates of his wife in Bavaria. Unlike his father, Engelbert II was a loyal supporter of the Salian dynasty. He stood as guarantor of German king Henry V at his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor in February 1111 and witnessed the Concordat of Worms with Pope Callixtus II in September 1122. In the same year his elder brother Henry III was created Duke of Carinthia and upon his death in 1123 Engelbert II succeeded him, having already replaced Count Ulric II of Weimar as margrave in Istria and Carniola about 1107. Engelbert II died and was buried at Seeon Abbey.	Engelbert Duke of Carinthia (I5494)
333	Enguerrand I was the son of Hugh I count of Ponthieu. He was apparently married twice. By his first wife Adelaide, daughter of Arnulf, Count of Holland he had his heir, count Hugh II, and possibly a son named Robert (although Robert might have been a younger half-brother of Hugh II's). His other sons, Guy, Bishop of Amiens and Fulk (later abbot of Forest l'Abbaye), were evidently sons by the second wife. She has been identified as the wife of a count Arnold II of Boulogne who died in battle against Enguerrand I. He was in his forties when he took the widow of his erstwhile enemy to wife. Enguerrand died around 1045 "at a great age."	Enguerrand I Count of Ponthieu (I5013)
334	Enguerrand III d'Aumale, Comte de Ponthieu was the son of Hugues d'Aumale, Comte de Ponthieu and Berthe. He married Adeliza, Countess of Aumale, daughter of Robert I, 6th Duc de Normandie and Herleva de Falaise, before 1053. He died in 1053 at Arques, France, slain, without male issue. He gained the title of Comte de Ponthieu. He fought in the siege of Arques in 1053.	de Ponthieu, Enguerrand d'Aumale Comte III (I3755)
335	Entered St John's College, Cambridge, Lent, 1860. Adm. sizar at ST JOHN'S, Oct. 8, 1859. [S. of John, and Jane Bosdet. B. Oct. 29, 1838. Bapt. at St Brelade's, Jersey.] Matric. Lent, 1860; B.A. 1863; M.A. 1885. Botanist; the chief English authority on lichens. Supplied much of the information for the last edition of Leighton's Lichen Flora, which was dedicated to him. Had a very fine collection of specimens. Died Apr. 4, 1911, at St Helier, Jersey. (The Times, Apr. 8 and 11, 1911.) Larbalestier was born in Jersey in 1838, took his B.A. degree at Cambridge in 1863, and became tutor in the family of Mitchell-Henry, of Kylemore Castle in Connemara. He collected lichens assiduously in Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Cambridge, sending his finds to Nylander and Leighton, the former recording them in Flora and the latter in his well-known Lichen Flora. He also issued nine fascicles of a lichen-herbarium. Miss Lorrain Smith named Microgloena larbalestieri after him. Britten & Boulger, ed. 2, 180. Knowles in Proc. R.I. Acad., 38 8,186.	Larbalestier, Charles Du Bois (I144)
336	Eochaid became king of Dal Riata in 726, when his Cenel Loairn predecessor was 'ousted from the kingship'. He survived a Cenel Loairn attack on his authority in 727, led by Selbach son of Ferchar Fota, and managed to hold his position without challenge until his death in 733. Following Eochaid's death, it appears that the kingship was shared between his brother Alpin, and Muiredach, the Cenel Loairn claimant, until Dal Riata was subjugated by Oengus, king of the Picts, in 736.	Mac Eochaid, King Of Dal Riata, Eochaid (I2273)
337	Eochaid IV 'the Poisonous', King of Dalraida gained the title of King Eochaid IV of Dalraida.	Eochaid IV 'the Poisonous' King of Dalraida (I190)
338	Eochaid succeeded to a kingship in turmoil in 697. In 695, Domnall Donn, the king of Dal Riata and Eochaid's father's cousin was killed by the Cenel Loairn, a rival branch of the Dal Riata. The Cenel Loairn claimant, Ferchar Fota, was then recognized as king of Dal Riata. When Ferchar died in 697, Eochaid briefly held the kingship, until he was, in turn, killed by the Cenel Loairn. Ferchar's son Ainbcellach succeeded in the kingship.	Mac Domongart, King Of Dal Riata, Eochaid (I2276)
339	Eochaid succeeded to the kingship upon his father's death in 606. Adomnan's Life of Columba notes that Columba, (correctly of course) prophesized the death of Eochaid's older brother's, and Eochaid's succession. Eochaid reign appears to have been quiet until the end, but in 627, the forces of Dal Riata, led by Eochaid's successor, Connad Cerr, were victorious in a battle in Ireland. Eochaid died in 629, and was succeeded by his second cousin Connad Cerr. The Senchus records his eight sons.	Mac Aedan, King Of Dal Riata, Eochaid Buid (I2277)
340	Erik VI, King of Sweden was the son of Bjorn Ericsson, King of Sweden. He married Sigrid 'the Haughty', daughter of Skogul Toste, before 995. Erik VI, King of Sweden also went by the nick-name of Erik 'the Victorious'. He gained the title of King Erik VI of Sweden circa 980.	Erik King of Sweden VI (I4543)
341	Ermengard (also Ermengarda, Ermengarde, or Irmingard) was the only surviving daughter of Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor. In 876, she married Boso, from the Bosonid, Count of Vienne, who declared himself King of Provence in 879. In May 878, she and her husband sheltered Pope John VIII, who was taking refuge from the Saracens, in Arles. After her husband's coup d'Ã©tat in October 879, she helped defend his cities from her Carolingian relatives. In 880, she successfully defended Vienne itself, the capital, from the combined forces of Charles the Fat and the co-ruling kings of France, Louis III and Carloman. In August 881, the newly-crowned Emperor Charles the Fat pillaged and burned Vienne, forcing Ermengard and her children to take refuge in Autun with her brother-in-law Richard, Duke of Burgundy. Meanwhile, Boso fled into Provence. On Boso's death in January 887, the ProvenÃ§al barons elected Ermengard to act as his regent, with the support of Richard. In May, Ermengard travelled with her son Louis to the court of Charles the Fat, and received his recognition of the young Louis as king. Charles adopted Louis as his son and put both mother and son under his protection. In May 889, she travelled to Charles' successor, Arnulf, to make submission anew. Through her marriage to Boso, Ermengard also had two daughters and one son: Ermengard (c. 877-917), who married Manasses, Count of Chalon Engelberga, who married William the Pious, Count of Auvergne. Louis the Blind	of Italy, Ermengard (I5659)
342	Ermengarde de Bourbon is the daughter of Archambaud IV de Bourbon, Sire de Bourbon and Philippa d'Auvergne.	de Bourbon, Ermengarde (I2147)
343	Ermengarde of Hesbaye (or Irmengarde) (c. 778 - 3 October 818) was Queen of the Franks and Holy Roman Empress as the wife of Emperor Louis I. She was Frankish, the daughter of Ingeram, count of Hesbaye, and Hedwig of Bavaria. Her family is known as the Robertians. In 794/5 Ermengarde married Louis the Pious, king of Aquitania, king of Franks, king of Italy, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. She had six children: Lothair I, born 795 in Altdorf, Bavaria Pepin I of Aquitaine, born 797 Adelaide, born ca. 799 Rotrude, born 800 Hildegard / Matilda, born ca. 802 Wife of Gerard, Count of Auvergne, possible mother of Ranulf I of Poitiers. Louis the German, born ca. 805 She died at Angers, France on 3 October 818. A few years after her death, her husband remarried to Judith of Bavaria, who bore him Charles the Bald.	of Hesbaye, Ermengarde (I981)
344	Ermengarde of Tours (German: Irmingard von Tours) (died 20 March 851) was the wife of Emperor Lothair I of the Franks. Her father was Hugh of Tours, a member of the Etichonen family, which claimed descent from the Merovingian Kings . In the middle of October 821 in Diedenhofen (Thionville), she married the Carolingian Emperor Lothair I (795-855). In 849, two years before her death, she made a donation to the abbey Erstein in the Elsass, in which she lies also buried. Lothar and Irmingard had nine children: Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor (c. 825-875). Helletrud (Hiltrud) (c. 826-after 865/866) m. Count Berengar (d. before 865/866) Bertha (c. 830-after 7 May 852, probably 877), became before 847 Abbess of Avenay, perhaps Ã„btissin of Faremoutiers Ermengarde Duchess Moselle(b. probably 826/830), kidnapped 846, m. Giselbert, Count of Maasgau (Reginare) Gisla (c. 830-860) 851-860 Abbess of San Salvatore in Brescia Lothair II of Lotharingia (c. 835-869) king of Lorraine m. 855 Teutberga, daughter of Count Boso of Arles Rotrud (baptized 835/840 in Pavia) m. around 850/851 Lambert, Margrave of Brittany, Count of Nantes (Widonen), who died 1 May 852 Charles of Provence (c. 845-25 January 863 in the monastery St-Pierre-les-Nonnains, modern Lyon), King in Burgundy Carloman (b. 853)	of Tours, Ermengarde (I3599)
345	Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou a.k.a. Ermengarde of Anjou, was the Countess of Rennes, Regent of Brittany (992-994) and also Countess of AngoulÃªme. Life She was the daughter of Geoffrey I of Anjou and Adele of Meaux. She married Conan I of Rennes, Count of Rennes, in 973. Her husband Conan of Rennes opposed her father and brother Fulk even though the marriage was apparently designed to form a political alliance between Anjou and Brittany. Even after Conan had been killed by Fulk at the battle of Battle of Conquereuil in 992, and during the period 992-994 when Ermengarde was Regent for their son Geoffrey, she remained loyal to her brother Fulk III, Count of Anjou. In 992 following the interests of her brother, and functioning as Regent, she accepted Capetian over-lordship for Rennes while rejecting that of Odo I, Count of Blois. About 1000 her brother Fulk III arranged his widowed sister to marry secondly, William II of AngoulÃªme, one of his close allies. Issue By her first husband Conan I 'le Tort' Count of Rennes, she had the following children: Judith (982-1017), married Richard II, Duke of Normandy. Geoffrey I of Brittany, the eventual heir to Conan I. Judicael, count of Porhoet (died 1037). Hernod. By her second husband William II 'Taillefer' Count of AngoulÃªme, she had the following children: Alduin, Count of AngoulÃªme (d. 1032), married Alaisia de GasÃ§ogne. Geoffrey, Count of AngoulÃªme (d.1048), married 1stly Petronille d'Archiac, 2ndly Anceline. Fulk of AngoulÃªme, married Aynors. Odon (flourished abt. 1030). Arnauld (died young). William (died young). Ermengarde of Anjou (952-992), was a Duchess consort of Brittany. She was the daughter of Geoffrey I of Anjou and Adele of Vermandois. She married Conan I of Rennes, Count of Rennes, in 973. Her husband became Duke of Brittany in 990, making her duchess. Issue: Judith (982-1017), married Richard II, Duke of Normandy Geoffrey I of Brittany, the eventual heir to Conan I Judicael, count of Porhoet (died 1037) Catuallon, abbot of Redon Hernod	Anjou, Ermengarde-Gerberga of (I4142)
346	Ermentrude of OrlÃ©ans (27 September 823 - 6 October 869) was Queen of the Franks by her marriage to Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor and King of West Francia. She was the daughter of Odo, Count of Orleans and his wife Engeltrude. She and Charles married in 842. Their children were: Judith of Flanders, consort of Ã†thelwulf of Wessex, Ã†thelbald of Wessex, and Baldwin I, Count of Flanders Louis the Stammerer (846-879) Charles the Child (847-866) Lothar (848-865), monk in 861, became Abbot of Saint-Germain Carloman, son of Charles the Bald (849-876) Rotrud (852-912), a nun Ermentrud (854-877), a nun Hildegard (born 856, died ?) Gisela (857-874) Ermentrude had a gift for embroidery and an interest in religious foundations. Her husband gave her the Abbey of Chelles. She separated from her husband after he executed her rebellious brother William in 866, and retreated to the life of a nunnery. Ermentrude was buried in the Basilique Saint-Denis, Paris, France.	d'OrlÃ©ans, Ermentrude (I3276)
347	Ermisende d'Anjou was the daughter of Fulk IV 'le Rechin', Comte d'Anjou and Hildegard de Baugency. She married, firstly, Guillaume IX, Duc d'Aquitaine, son of Guillaume VIII, Duc d'Aquitaine and Hildegarde de Bourgogne, circa 1089. She and Guillaume IX, Duc d'Aquitaine were divorced in 1090. She married, secondly, Alain IV Fergent de Bretagne, Duc de Bretagne, son of HoÃ«l de Cornouaille, Comte de Cornouaille and Hawise de Bretagne, in 1093.	d'Anjou, Ermisende (I2148)
348	Esquire of Collyweston, Northamptonshire. He and Katherine were living in the period 1538 - 1544.	Knyvet, William (I362)
349	Esquire of Grayrigg.	Ducket, Thomas (I193)
350	Esquire of Over Levens.	Redman, Richard (I195)

Bosdet Family History

The Genealogy of Paul Bosdet and the Bosdet Family

Notes