Notes
Matches 551 to 600 of 1,662
| Notes | Linked to | |
| 551 | He gained the title of King of Powys in 878. | Merfyn ap Rhodri King of Powys (I1915)
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| 552 | He gained the title of Lord of Barnstaple and Totnes. | de Totnes, Alured Lord of Barnstaple and Totnes (I1622)
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| 553 | He gained the title of Prince of Deheubarth. He succeeded to the title of King of Gwynedd in 986. Maredudd ab Owain (died 999) was a King of Deheubarth, and through conquest also of Gwynedd and Powys, kingdoms in medieval Wales. Maredudd was the son of Owain ap Hywel and the grandson of Hywel Dda. His father was king of Deheubarth before him. As Owain grew too old to lead in battle his son Maredudd took his place, and in 986 captured Gwynedd from Cadwallon ab Ieuaf. On Owain's death in 988 Maredudd also became ruler of Deheubarth. He may have controlled all Wales apart from Gwent and Morgannwg. He is recorded as raiding Mercian settlements on the borders of Radnor and as paying a ransom of one penny a head to rescue some of his subjects who had been taken captive in Viking raids. Danish raids were a constant problem during Maredudd's reign. In 987 Godfrey Haroldson raided Anglesey, killing one thousand and carrying away two thousand as captives; Maredudd is supposed to have paid a huge ransom for the freedom of the hostages. Maredudd died in 999 and was described by the Brut y Tywysogion as "the most famous King of the Britons". Following his death, the throne of Gwynedd was recovered for the line of Idwal Foel by Cynan ap Hywel. A daughter, Angharad, married Llywelyn ap Seisyll. | ap Owain, Maredudd King of Gwynedd (I3856)
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| 554 | He gained the title of Roi Eudes de France in 888. | Eudes Roi de France (I763)
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| 555 | He gained the title of Roi Zwentibold de Lorraine. | de Lorraine, Zwentibold Roi de Lorraine (I868)
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| 556 | He gained the title of Subregulus of Kent between 853 and 855. He gained the title of King Æðelbeorht of Wessex on 20 December 860. He was crowned King of Wessex in 861 at Kingston-upon-Thames, London, England. On Ethelwulf's death in 858, his son Ethelbald was already ruling Wessex. The remaining South East kingdoms passed to Ethelwulf's second son Ethelbert. Ethelbald married his father's widow. On Ethelbald's death in 860, the Wessex kingdom was re-united with Kent and the adjoining kingdoms under Ethelbert. Both Ethelbald and Ethelbert were buried at Sherborne. | Æðelbeorht King of Wessex (I2970)
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| 557 | He gained the title of Vicomte d'Hiemes. He was deposed as after siding with King Henri II of France against Guillaume, Duc de Normandie in 1040. | Thurston le Goz Vicomte d'Hiemes (I482)
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| 558 | He gained the title of 2nd Earl of Salisbury in 1154. | FitzPatrick de Saresbury, William 2nd Earl of Salisbury (I386)
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| 559 | He gained the title of Comte d'Eu. He gained the title of Comte de Hiesmes. He gained the title of Lord of Monstreul. | de Hiesmes, William 1st Count of Eu (I1773)
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| 560 | He gained the title of Count of Mortain between 1049 and 1056. He gained the title of Earl of Cornwall between 1066 and 1067. Robert, Count of Mortain (c. 1031-1090) was a Norman nobleman and the half-brother of William I of England. He was one of the known participants at the Battle of Hastings and the time of the Domesday Book he was one of the greatest landholders in England. Life Robert was the son of Herluin de Conteville and Herleva of Falaise and brother of Odo of Bayeux. Robert was born c. 1031 in Normandy, a half-brother of William the Conqueror. and was probably not more than a year or so younger than his brother Odo, born c. 1030. About 1035, Herluin, as Vicomte of Conteville, along with his wife Herleva and Robert founded Grestain Abbey. Count of Mortain In c. 1049 his brother Duke William made him Count of Mortain, in place of William Warlenc, who had been banished by Duke William; according to Orderic Vitalis, on a single word. William Warlenc was a grandson of Duke Richard I and therefore a cousin once removed to William, Duke of Normandy. Securing the southern border of Normandy was critical to Duke William and Robert was entrusted with this key county which guarded the borders of Brittany and Bellême. Conquest of England In early 1066, Robert was present at both the first council, that of William's inner circle, and the second larger council held to discuss the Duke's planned conquest of England. Robert agreed to provide 120 ships to the invasion fleet, which was more than any other of William's magnates. Robert was one of those few known to have been at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He is pictured at a dinner at Pevensey on the Bayeux Tapestry, seated with his brothers William and Odo on the day of the landing in England. When granting the monastery of St Michael's Mount to the Norman monastery on the Mont Saint-Michel Robert recorded that he had fought at the Battle of Hastings under the banner of St Michel (habens in bello Sancti Michaelis vexillum). Lands granted by William the Conqueror Robert's contribution to the success of the invasion was clearly regarded as highly significant by the Conqueror who awarded him a large share of the spoils; in total 797 manors at the time of Domesday. However the greatest concentration of his honors lay in Cornwall where he held virtually all of that county and was considered by some the Earl of Cornwall. While Robert held lands in twenty counties, the majority of his holdings in certain counties was as few as five manors. The overall worth of his estates was £2100. He administered most of his southwestern holdings from Launceston, Cornwall and Montacute in Somerset. The holding of single greatest importance, however, was the rape of Pevensey (east Sussex) which protected one of the more vulnerable parts of the south coast of England. Later life In 1069, when together with Robert of Eu, he led an army against a force of Danes in Lindsay and affected great slaughter against them. After that there is little mention of Robert who appears to have been an absentee landholder spending the majority of his time in Normandy. Along with his brother Odo he participated in a revolt in 1088 against William II but afterwards he was pardoned. On 8 December 1090 Robert died and chose to be buried at the Abbey of Grestain, near his father and next to his first wife Matilda. Character He was described by William of Malmesbury in his Gesta Regum as a man of stupid dull disposition (crassi et hebetis ingenii).. But William the Conqueror considered him one of his greatest supporters and trusted him with the important county of Mortain. This was a trust he would hardly place in someone who was in any way incompetent. Further clues to his character are found in the Vita of Vitalis of Savigny, a very wise monk who Robert sought out as his chaplain. Once incident tells of Robert beating his wife and Vital intervening, threatened to end the marriage if Robert did not repent. In still another entry Vital tells of his leaving Robert's service abruptly and after being escorted back to him, Robert begged for Vital's pardon for his actions. Overall, Robert was proficient in every duty William assigned him, he was a religious man yet ill-tempered enough to beat his wife, but not himself known as a man of great wisdom. Family Robert was married to Matilda, daughter of Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, before 1066 and together they had: William, Count of Mortain, who succeeded him. Agnes who married André de Vitry. Denise, married in 1078 to Guy, 3rd Sire de La Val. Emma of Mortain, the wife of William IV of Toulouse. After Matilda de Montgomerie's death c. 1085 Robert secondly married Almodis. The couple had no children. | Robert Count of Mortain (I3114)
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| 561 | He gained the title of Duc de Basse-Lorraine in 993. | Otto Duc de Basse-Lorraine (I3265)
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| 562 | He gained the title of Ealdorman of Kent. He gained the title of King Sigeric II of Essex. | Sigeric King of Essex II (I428)
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| 563 | He gained the title of Earl of Fife. He was Lay Abbot of Dunkeld. | of Dunkeld, Ethelred Earl of Fife (I162)
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| 564 | He gained the title of Earl of Gowrie circa 1060. He gained the title of King Donald III of Scotland on 13 November 1093. He was deposed as King of Scotland in May 1094. He gained the title of King Donald III of Scotland on 12 November 1094. He was deposed as King of Scotland in October 1097. Domnall mac Donnchada (Modern Gaelic: Dòmhnall mac Dhonnchaidh), anglicised as Donald III, and nicknamed Domnall Bán, "Donald the Fair" (anglicised as Donald Bane/Bain or Donalbane/Donalbain), (died 1099) was King of Scots from 1093-1094 and 1094-1097. He was the second known son of Duncan I (Donnchad mac CrÃnáin). Donald's activities during the reign of his elder brother Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) are not recorded. It appears that he was not his brother's chosen heir, contrary to earlier custom, but that Malcolm had designated Edward, his eldest son by Margaret of Wessex, as the king to come. If this was Malcolm's intent, his death and that of Edward on campaign in Northumbria in November 1093 (see Battle of Alnwick (1093)) confounded his plans. These deaths were followed very soon afterwards by that of Queen Margaret. John of Fordun reports that Donald invaded the kingdom after Margaret's death "at the head of a numerous band", and laid siege to Edinburgh with Malcolm's sons by Margaret inside. Fordun has Edgar Ætheling, concerned for his nephews' well-being, take the sons of Malcolm and Margaret to England. Andrew of Wyntoun's much simpler account has Donald become king and banish his nephews. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records only that Donald was chosen as king and expelled the English from the court. In May 1094, Donald's nephew Duncan (Donnchad mac MaÃl Coluim), son of Malcolm and his first wife Ingibiorg Finnsdottir, invaded at the head of an army of Anglo-Normans and Northumbrians, aided by his half-brother Edmund and his father-in-law Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. This invasion succeeded in placing Duncan on the throne as Duncan II, but an uprising defeated his allies and he was compelled to send away his foreign troops. Duncan was then killed on 12 November 1094 by Máel Petair, Mormaer of Mearns. The Annals of Ulster say that Duncan was killed on the orders of Donald (incorrectly called his brother) and Edmund. Donald resumed power, probably with Edmund as his designated heir. Donald was an elderly man by the standards of the day, approaching sixty years old, and without any known sons, so that an heir was clearly required. William of Malmesbury says that Edmund bargained "for half the kingdom", suggesting that Donald granted his nephew an appanage to rule. Edgar, eldest surviving son of Malcolm and Margaret, obtained the support of William Rufus, although other matters delayed Edgar's return on the coat-tails of an English army led by his uncle Edgar Ætheling. Donald's fate is not entirely clear. William of Malmesbury tells us that he was "slain by the craftiness of David [the later David I] ... and by the strength of William [Rufus]". The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says of Donald that he was expelled, while the Annals of Tigernach have him blinded by his brother. John of Fordun, following the king-lists, writes that Donald was "blinded, and doomed to eternal imprisonment" by Edgar. The place of his imprisonment was said to be Rescobie, by Forfar, in Angus. The sources differ as to whether Donald was first buried at Dunfermline Abbey or Dunkeld Cathedral, but agree that his remains were later moved to Iona. Donald left two daughters but no sons. His daughter Bethoc married Uctred (or Hadrian) de Tyndale, Lord of Tyndale, the probable ancestor of the Barons de Tyndale and the Tyndale/Tindal family. Their daughter, Hextilda, married Richard Comyn, Justiciar of Lothian. The claims of John II Comyn, Lord of Badenoch to the crown in the Great Cause came from Donald through Bethóc and Hextilda. Ladhmann son of Domnall, "grandson of the King of Scots", who died in 1116 might have been a son of Donald. | Donald III 'Donald bane' King of Scotland (I1900)
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| 565 | He gained the title of Graf von Sachsen. He gained the title of Herzog von Sachsen. Ludolph Herzog von Sachsen also went by the nick-name of Ludolph 'the Great'. Liudolf (born about 805, died 12 March 864 or 866) was a Saxon count, son of one count (Graf) Brun (Brunhart) and his wife Gisla von Verla ; later authors called him duke of the Eastern Saxons (dux orientalis Saxonum, probably since 850) and count of Eastphalia. Liudolf had extended possessions in eastern Saxony, and was a leader (dux) in the wars of King Louis the German against Normans and Slavs. The ruling Liudolfing House, also known as the Ottonian dynasty, is named after him; he is its oldest verified member. He had six children: Brun Otto the Illustrious, father of Henry the Fowler Liutgard married King Louis the Younger in 874. Hathumoda, became an abbess Gerberga, became an abbess Christina, became an abbess In 845/846, Liudolf and his wife traveled to Rome in order to ask Pope Sergius II for permission to found a house of secular canonesses, duly established at their proprietary church in Brunshausen around 852, and moved in 881 to form Gandersheim Abbey. Liudolf's minor daughter Hathumod became the first abbess. Liudolf is buried in Brunshausen. Liudolf (born about 805, died 12 March 864 or 866) was a Saxon count, son of one count (Graf) Brun (Brunhart) and his wife Gisla von Verla ; later authors called him duke of the Eastern Saxons (dux orientalis Saxonum, probably since 850) and count of Eastphalia. Liudolf had extended possessions in eastern Saxony, and was a leader (dux) in the wars of King Louis the German against Normans and Slavs. The ruling Liudolfing House, also known as the Ottonian dynasty, is named after him; he is its oldest verified member. Before 830 Liudolf married Oda, daughter of a Frankish princeps named Billung and his wife Aeda. Oda died on 17 May 913, supposedly at the age of 107. They had six children: Brun Otto the Illustrious, father of Henry the Fowler Liutgard married King Louis the Younger in 874. Hathumoda, became an abbess Gerberga, became an abbess Christina, became an abbess By marrying a Frankish nobleman's daughter, Liudolf followed suggestions set forth by Charlemagne about ensuring the integrity of the Frankish Empire in the aftermath of the Saxon Wars through marriage. In 845/846, Liudolf and his wife traveled to Rome in order to ask Pope Sergius II for permission to found a house of secular canonesses, duly established at their proprietary church in Brunshausen around 852, and moved in 881 to form Gandersheim Abbey. Liudolf's minor daughter Hathumod became the first abbess. Liudolf is buried in Brunshausen. | Liudolf Duke of Saxony (I2757)
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| 566 | He gained the title of Herzog von Bayern. He gained the title of Graf von Altdorf. Welf (or Hwelf) I of Altorf (died 825) was the son of the 9th century Frankish count Rothard of Metz, to whom the sons of Charles Martel entrusted half of Alemannia. Welf was master of several counties in the southern Rhineland & Bavaria. His family became politically powerful when Louis the Pious chose his oldest daughter as his 2nd wife. Though Welf himself never became publicly prominent, his family became interwoven with the Carolingian dynasty. He is the oldest known member of the Elder House of Welf. Welf is mentioned only once: on the occasion of the wedding of his daughter Judith with Emperor Louis the Pious in 819. Marriage and issue Welf married Hedwig, Duchess of Bavaria, daughter of the Saxon count Isanbart; Hedwig was abbess of Chelles. They had the following: Judith, Roman Empress and Frankish Queen, died 843; Rudolph, died 866; Conrad, Count of Paris, ancestor of the Welf kings of Burgundy; Hemma, Frankish Queen, married to Louis the German, son of Louis the Pious, died 876. | Welf I of Altorf (I980)
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| 567 | He gained the title of King Arnulf of Germany. He succeeded to the title of Emperor Arnulf of the Holy Roman Empire in 887. He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 896. | of Carinthia, Arnulf Holy Roman Emperor (I870)
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| 568 | He gained the title of King Ælfweard of England in 924. | Ælfweard King of England (I1498)
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| 569 | He gained the title of King Æthelbert I of Wessex between 865 and 866. He fought in the Battle of Merton on 23 April 871, against the Danes where he died from wounds in action. There is some dispute as to whether Ethelred acceded in 865 or 866. He was the son of Ethelwulf and succeeded his brother Ethelbert. Ethelred, together with his younger brother Alfred, bravely fought the Danish invaders. In 865 a large Danish army landed in East Anglia and in 866 they rounded up all the horses they could find for use as transport, and moved up to York. In 871 Ethelred and his brother Alfred defeated the Danes at Ashdown near Lambourne in Berkshire. | Æthelred King of Wessex I (I2968)
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| 570 | He gained the title of King Berengar of Italy in 888. He gained the title of Emperor Berengar I of Italy in 915. Berengar of Friuli (c. 845 - 7 April 924) was the Margrave of Friuli from 874 until no earlier than 890 and no later than 896, King of Italy (as Berengar I) from 887 (with interruption) until his death, and Holy Roman Emperor from 915 until his death. Berengar rose to become one of the most influential laymen in the empire of Charles the Fat before he was elected to replace Charles in Italy after the latter's deposition. His long reign of 36 years saw him opposed by no less than seven other claimants to the Italian throne. Though he is sometimes seen as a "national" king in Italian histories, he was in fact of Frankish birth. His reign is usually characterised as "troubled" because of the many competitors for the crown and because of the arrival of Magyar raiders in Western Europe. He was the last emperor before Otto the Great was crowned in 962, after a 38-year interregnum. Margrave of Friuli, 874-887 His family was called the Unruochings after his grandfather, Unruoch II. Berengar was a son of Eberhard of Friuli and Gisela, daughter of Louis the Pious and his second wife Judith. He was thus of Carolingian extraction on his mother's side. He was born probably at Cividale. His name in Latin is Berengarius or Perngarius and in Italian is Berengario. Sometime during his margraviate, he married Bertilla, daughter of Suppo II, thus securing an alliance with the powerful Supponid family. She would later rule alongside him as a consors, a title specifically denoting her informal power and influence, as opposed to a mere coniunx, "wife." When his older brother Unruoch III died in 874, Berengar succeeded him in the March of Friuli. With this he obtained a key position in the Carolingian Empire, as the march bordered the Croats and other Slavs who were a constant threat to the Italian peninsula. He was a territorial magnate with lordship over several counties in northeastern Italy. He was an important channel for the men of Friuli to get access to the emperor and for the emperor to exercise authority in Friuli. He even had a large degree of influence on the church of Friuli. In 884-885, Berengar intervened with the emperor on behalf of Haimo, Bishop of Belluno. When, in 875, the Emperor Louis II, who was also King of Italy, died, having come to terms with Louis the German whereby the German monarch's eldest son, Carloman, would succeed in Italy, Charles the Bald of West Francia invaded the peninsula and had himself crowned king and emperor. Louis the German sent first Charles the Fat, his youngest son, and then Carloman himself, with armies containing Italian magnates led by Berengar, to possess the Italian kingdom. This was not successful until the death of Charles the Bald in 877. The proximity of Berengar's march to Bavaria, which Carloman already ruled under his father, may explain their cooperation. In 883, the newly-succeeded Guy III of Spoleto was accused of treason at an imperial synod held at Nonantula late in May. He returned to the Duchy of Spoleto and made an alliance with the Saracens. The emperor, then Charles the Fat, sent Berengar with an army to deprive him of Spoleto. Berengar was successful before an epidemic of disease, which ravaged all Italy, affecting the emperor and his entourage as well as Berengar's army, forced him to retire. In 886, Liutward, Bishop of Vercelli, took Berengar's sister from the nunnery of S. Salvatore at Brescia in order to marry her to a relative of his; whether or not by force or by the consent of the convent and Charles the Fat, her relative, is uncertain. Berengar and Liutward had a feud that year, which involved his attack on Vercelli and plundering of the bishop's goods. Berengar's actions are explicable if his sister was abducted by the bishop, but if the bishop's actions were justified, then Berengar appears as the initiator of the feud. Whatever the case, bishop and margrave were reconciled shortly before Liutward was dismissed from court in 887. By his brief war with Liutward, Berengar had lost the favour of his cousin the emperor. Berengar came to the emperor's assembly at Waiblingen in early May 887. He made peace with the emperor and compensated for the actions of the previous year by dispensing great gifts. In June or July, Berengar was again at the emperor's side at Kirchen, when Louis of Provence was adopted as the emperor's son. It is sometimes alleged that Berengar was pining to be declared Charles' heir and that he may in fact have been so named in Italy, where he was acclaimed (or made himself) king immediately after Charles' deposition by the nobles of East Francia in November that year (887). On the other hand, his presence may merely have been necessary to confirm Charles' illegitimate son Bernard as his heir (Waiblingen), a plan which failed when the pope refused to attend, and then to confirm Louis instead (Kirchen). King of Italy, 887-915 Berengar was the only one of the reguli (petty kings) to crop up in the aftermath of Charles' deposition besides Arnulf of Carinthia, his deposer, who was made king before the emperor's death. Charter evidence begins Berengar's reign at Pavia between 26 December 887 and 2 January 888, though this has been disputed. Berengar was not the undisputed leading magnate in Italy at the time, but he may have made an agreement with his former rival, Guy of Spoleto, whereby Guy would have West Francia and he Italy on the emperor's death. Both Guy and Berengar were related to the Carolingians in the female line. They represented different factions in Italian politics: Berengar the pro-German and Guy the pro-French. In Summer 888, Guy, who had failed in his bid to take the West Frankish throne, returned to Italy to gather an army from among the Spoletans and Lombards and oppose Berengar. This he did, but the battle they fought near Brescia in the fall was a slight victory for Berengar, though his forces were so diminished that he sued for peace nevertheless. The truce was to last until 6 January 889. After the truce with Guy was signed, Arnulf of Germany endeavoured to invade Italy through Friuli. Berengar, in order to prevent a war, sent dignitaries (leading men) ahead to meet Arnulf. He himself then had a meeting, sometime between early November and Christmas, at Trent. He was allowed to keep Italy, as Arnulf's vassal, but the curtes of Navus and Sagus were taken from him. Arnulf allowed his army to return to Germany, but he himself celebrated Christmas in Friuli, at Karnberg. Early in 889, their truce having expired, Guy defeated Berengar at the Battle of the Trebbia and made himself sole king in Italy, though Berengar maintained his authority in Friuli. Though Guy had been supported by Pope Stephen V since before the death of Charles the Fat, he was now abandoned by the pope, who turned to Arnulf. Arnulf, for his part, remained a staunch partisan of Berengar and it has even been suggested that he was creating a Carolingian alliance between himself and Louis of Provence, Charles III of France, and Berengar against Guy and Rudolph I of Upper Burgundy. In 893, Arnulf sent his illegitimate son Zwentibold into Italy. He met up with Berengar and together they cornered Guy at Pavia, but did not press their advantage (it is believed that Guy bribed them off). In 894, Arnulf and Berengar defeated Guy at Bergamo and took control of Pavia and Milan. Berengar was with Arnulf's army that invaded Italy in 896. However, he left the army while it was sojourning in the March of Tuscany and returned to Lombardy. A rumour spread that Berengar had turned against the king and had brought Adalbert II of Tuscany with him. The truth or falsehood of the rumour cannot be ascertained, but Berengar was removed from Friuli and replaced with Waltfred, a former supporter and "highest counsellor" of Berengar's, who soon died. The falling out between Berengar and Arnulf, who was crowned Emperor in Rome by Pope Formosus, has been likened to that between Berengar II and Otto I more than half a century later. Arnulf left Italy in the charge of his young son Ratold, who soon crossed Lake Como to Germany, leaving Italy in the control of Berengar, who made a pact with Lambert, Guy's son and successor. According to the Gesta Berengarii Imperatoris, the two kings met at Pavia in October and November and agreed to divide the kingdom, Berengar receiving the eastern half between the Adda and the Po, "as if by hereditary right" according to the Annales Fuldenses. Bergamo was to be shared between them. This was a confirmation of the status quo of 889. It was this partitioning which caused the later chronicler Liutprand of Cremona to remark that the Italians always suffered under two monarchs. As surety for the accord, Lambert pledged to marry Gisela, Berengar's daughter. The peace did not long last. Berengar advanced on Pavia, but was defeated by Lambert at Borgo San Donnino and taken prisoner. Nonetheless, Lambert died within days, on 15 October 898. Days later Berengar had secured Pavia and become sole ruler. It was during this period that the Magyars made their first attacks on Western Europe. They invaded Italy first in 899. This first invasion may have been unprovoked, but some historians have suspected that the Magyars were either called in by Arnulf, no friend of Berengar's, or by Berengar himself, as allies. Berengar gathered a large army to meet them and refused their request for an armistice. His army was surprised and routed near the Brenta River in the eponymous Battle of the Brenta (24 September 899). This defeat handicapped Berengar and caused the nobility to question his ability to protect Italy. As a result, they supported another candidate for the throne, the aforementioned Louis of Provence, another maternal relative of the Carolingians. In 900, Louis marched into Italy and defeated Berengar; the following year he was crowned Emperor by Pope Benedict IV. In 902, however, Berengar struck back and defeated Louis, making him promise never to return to Italy. When he broke this oath by invading the peninsula again in 905, Berengar defeated him at Verona, captured him, and ordered him to be blinded on 21 July. Louis returned to Provence and ruled for another twenty years as Louis the Blind. Berengar thereby cemented his position as king and ruled undisputed, except for a brief spell, until 922. As king, Berengar made his seat at Verona, which he heavily fortified. During the years when Louis posed a threat to Berengar's kingship, his wife, Bertilla, who was a niece of the former empress Engelberga, Louis's grandmother, played an important part in the legitimisation of his rule. She later disappeared from the scene, as indicated by her absence in his charters post-905. In 904, Bergamo was subjected to a long siege by the Magyars. After the siege, Berengar granted the bishop of the city walls and the right to rebuild them with the help of the citizens and the refugees fleeing the Magyars. The bishop attained all the rights of a count in the city. Emperor, 915-924 In January 915, Pope John X tried to forge an alliance between Berengar and the local Italian rulers in hopes that he could face the Saracen threat in southern Italy. Berengar was unable to send troops, but after the great Battle of the Garigliano, a victory over the Saracens, John crowned Berengar as Emperor in Rome (December). Berengar, however, returned swiftly to the north, where Friuli was still threatened by the Magyars. As emperor, Berengar was wont to intervene outside of his regnum of Italy. He even dabbled in an episcopal election in the diocese of Liège. After the death of the saintly Bishop Stephen in 920, Herman I, Archbishop of Cologne, representing the German interests in Lotharingia, tried to impose his choice of the monks of the local cloister, one Hilduin, on the vacant see. He was opposed by Charles III of France, who convinced Pope John to excommunicate Hilduin. Another monk, Richer, was appointed to the see with the support of pope and emperor. In his latter years, his wife Bertilla was charged with infidelity, a charge not uncommon against wives of declining kings of that period. She was poisoned. He had remarried to one named Anna by December 915. It has been suggested, largely for onomastic reasons, that Anna was a daughter of Louis of Provence and his wife Anna, the possible daughter of Leo VI the Wise, Byzantine Emperor.[39] In that case, she would have been betrothed to Berengar while still a child and only become his consors and imperatrix in 923. Her marriage was an attempt by Louis to advance his children while he himself was being marginalised and by Berengar to legitimise his rule by relating himself by marriage to the house of Lothair I which had ruled Italy by hereditary right since 817. By 915, Berengar's eldest daughter, Bertha, was abbess of San Salvatore in Brescia, where her aunt had once been a nun. In that year, the following year, and in 917, Berengar endowed her monastery with three privileges to build or man fortifications. His younger daughter, Gisela, had married Adalbert I of Ivrea as early as 898 (and no later than 910), but this failed to spark an alliance with the Anscarids. She was dead by 913, when Adalbert remarried. Adalbert was one of Berengar's earliest internal enemies after the defeat of Louis of Provence. He called on Hugh of Arles between 917 and 920 to take the Iron Crown. Hugh did invade Italy, with his brother Boso, and advanced as far as Pavia, where Berengar starved them into submission, but allowed them to pass out of Italy freely. Dissatisfied with the emperor, who had ceased his policy of grants and family alliances in favour of paying Magyar mercenaries, several Italian nobles - led by Adalbert and many of the bishops - invited Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy to take the Italian throne in 921. Moreover, his own grandson, Berengar of Ivrea, rose up against him, incited by Rudolph. Berengar retreated to Verona and had to watch sidelined as the Magyars pillaged the country. John, Bishop of Pavia, surrendered his city to Rudolph in 922 and it was sacked by the Magyars in 924. On 29 July 923, the forces of Rudolph, Adalbert, and Berengar of Ivrea met those of Berengar and defeated him in the Battle of Fiorenzuola, near Piacenza. The battle was decisive and Berengar was de facto dethroned and replaced by Rudolf. Berengar was soon after murdered at Verona by one of his own men, possibly at Rudolph's instigation. He left no sons, only a daughter (the aforementioned Bertha) and an anonymous epic poem, the Gesta Berengarii Imperatoris, about the many happenings of his troublesome reign. Berengar has been accused of having "faced [the] difficulties [of his reign] with particular incompetence," having "never once won a pitched battle against his rivals," and being "not recorded as having ever won a battle" in "forty years of campaigning." Particularly, he has been seen as alienating public lands and districtus (defence command) to private holders, especially bishops, though this is disputed. Some historians have seen his "private defense initiatives" in a more positive light and have found a coherent policy of gift-giving. Despite this, his role in inaugurating the incastellamento of the succeeding decades is hardly disputed. | of Fuili, Berenger Emperor of Italy (I3326)
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| 571 | He gained the title of King Edmund I of Scotland on 12 November 1094. He gained the title of Prince Edmund of Cumbria. He was deposed as King of Scotland in October 1097. He was a monk at Montecute Abbey, Somerset, England. | Edmund King of Scotland (I159)
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| 572 | He gained the title of King Hengist of Kent circa 455. | Hengist King of Kent (I3624)
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| 573 | He gained the title of King of Mercia circa 1839. | Wigmund (I3779)
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| 574 | He gained the title of King Sæbeorht of the East Saxons before 604. | Sæbeorht King of the East Saxons (I2132)
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| 575 | He gained the title of Lord of Lenham, Kent. He gained the title of Ealdorman of Kent. He gained the title of Lord of Cooling, Kent. He gained the title of Lord of Meopham, Kent. He died in 905, killed. | Sigehelm Ealdorman of Kent (I2128)
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| 576 | He gained the title of Lord of Shere. He held the office of Justiciar [Ireland]. He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography. Dictionary of National Biography Fitzgeoffrey, John c. 1206-1258, justiciar of Ireland and a leader of the political revolution of 1258, was the son of Geoffrey Fitzpeter, justiciar of England (1198-1213) and fourth Earl of Essex [qv.], by his second marriage, to Aveline, daughter of Roger de Clare, third Earl of Hertford [qv.], and widow of William de Munchency. In 1227 John Fitzgeoffrey gave the king 300 marks to have seisin of the lands which had descended to him by right of inheritance from his father. Geoffrey Fitzpeter had intended these to be large, for King John had granted to him and his heirs by Aveline the castle and honour of Berkhamsted. This grant, however, never came to fruition, Berkhamsted, after Geoffreys death, remaining in the hands of the king. Thus, with the earldom of Essex passing to the descendants of Geoffreys first marriage, John had to make do with such manors as Aylesbury and Steeple Claydon in Buckinghamshire, Exning in Suffolk, and Cherhill and Winterslow in Wiltshire, the last the only part of the honour of Berkhamsted that he obtained. John was a substantial magnate but, in terms of land held in hereditary right, not one of the first rank. Probably this situation, and the example of his father, who had risen in the kings service from humble origins to the earldom of Essex, was the spur to his long career in the royal administration. John began that career as sheriff of Yorkshire between 1234 and 1236. Then, in 1237, at the request of a Parliament which conceded the king taxation, he was added to the kings council along with the earl of Surrey and William de Ferrers. If this elevation to the highest level reflected Johns standing with his fellow magnates, in the ensuing years he gained and retained the confidence of the king. From 1237 until 1245 he seems to have acted as one of the stewards of the kings household, a post that he combined with the sheriffdom of Gloucestershire (1238-46) and more briefly with the justiciarship of the southern forests (1241-2) and the seneschalship of Gascony (1243). He was thus well fitted for his long stint as justiciar of Ireland (1245-56), where he had private interests through the dower of his wife, Isabel (daughter of Hugh Bigod, third Earl of Norfolk), who was the widow of Gilbert de Lacy of Meath. In 1254 Ireland was made part of the endowment of Edward, the kings son, and John Fitzgeoffrey, between 1254 and 1258, became the princes leading councillor. He also retained his place on the council of the king. His rewards from the latter, over his long career, had included the manors of Whaddon (Buckinghamshire) and Ringwood (Hampshire), the wardship of the land and heirs of Theobald Butler in Ireland (for which he paid 3,000 marks), and for his immense and laudable service the whole cantred of the Isles in Thomond. In the political crisis of 1258, however, John Fitzgeoffrey was one of the kings chief opponents. Indeed, a later chronicle, the Westminster Flores Historiarum, named him and Simon of Montfort [qv.] as the ringleaders of the revolution. Certainly he was one of the seven magnates whose confederation in April 1258 began the process of reform. He was then one of the twelve chosen by the barons to reform the realm, and one of the council of fifteen imposed on the king by the Provisions of Oxford. On 23 July 1258 he went with Roger Bigod, fourth Earl of Norfolk [qv.], and Simon of Montfort to demand that the Londoners accept whatever the barons should provide for the utility and foundation of the realm (Cronica Maiorum et Vicecomitum Londoniarum, pp. 38-9). Johns sudden death on 23 November 1258 thus deprived the new regime of one of its bastions. The Westminster Flores ascribed Johns conduct to resentment at being removed from the justiciarship of Ireland. Like other leading magnates, he was also provoked by the behaviour of the kings Poitevin half-brothers. His place in Edwards councils was threatened by their growing influence over the prince. In addition, he was engaged in a fierce dispute over the advowson of one of his manors-Shere in Surrey-with the youngest of the brothers, Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke and bishop-elect of Winchester [qv.]. This reached a climax on 1 April 1258 when Aymers men attacked Johns at Shere and killed one of them. When John demanded justice, the king refused to hear him. This episode helped spur the revolutionary action taken against the king at the Westminster Parliament which opened a week later. Indignation at Johns treatment spread the more easily because his brothers-in-law were Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, and Hugh Bigod [qv.], later appointed justiciar by the Provisions of Oxford. Both were his colleagues amongst the seven original confederate magnates. John Fitzgeoffrey was evidently a man of considerable parts, respected both by his fellow magnates and by the king. Indeed, despite his role in the revolution of 1258, when Henry III heard of Johns death he ordered a solemn mass to be celebrated for his soul and donated a cloth of gold to cover his coffin. John was succeeded by his son, John Fitzjohn [qv.], who became a leading supporter of Simon of Montfort. Sources: Calendar of Charter Rolls Calendar of Patent Rolls Close Rolls Fine Rolls Calendar of Liberate Rolls Public Record Office JUST 1/1187, m.1 H. R. Luard (ed.), Matthaei Parisiensis Chronica Majora, 7 vols. (Rolls Series), 1884-9 idem, Flores Historiarum, 3 vols. (Rolls Series), 1890 T. Stapleton (ed.), Cronica Maiorium et Vicecomitum Londoniarum, Camden Society, 1846 R. F. Treharne and I. J. Sanders (eds.), Documents of the Period of Baronial Reform and Rebellion, 1973 H. W. Ridgeway, The Lord Edward and the Provisions of Oxford (1258), in Thirteenth Century England, vol. i, ed. P. R. Coss and S. D. Lloyd, 1986. Contributor: D. A. Carpenter Published: 1993 | fitz Geoffrey,, John Lord of Shere (I3293)
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| 577 | He gained the title of Lord of Tewkesbury. He gained the title of Earl of Gloucester. | FitzHamon, Robert Earl of Gloucester (I2924)
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| 578 | He gained the title of Lord of Wigmore. He lived at Wigmore, Herefordshire, England. Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer, of Wigmore (1231 - 30 October 1282), was a famous and honoured knight from Wigmore Castle in Herefordshire. He was a loyal ally of King Henry III of England. He was at times an enemy, at times an ally, of the Welsh prince, Llywelyn the Last. Early career Born in 1231, Roger was the son of Ralph de Mortimer and his Welsh wife, Princess Gwladys Ddu, daughter of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth. In 1256 Roger went to war with Llywelyn ap Gruffydd when the latter invaded his lordship of Gwrtheyrnion or Rhayader. This war would continue intermittently until the death of both Roger and Llywelyn in 1282. They were both grandsons of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth. Mortimer fought for the King against the rebel Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, and almost lost his life in 1264 at the Battle of Lewes fighting Montfort's men. In 1265 Mortimer's wife, Maud de Braose helped rescue Prince Edward; and Mortimer and the Prince made an alliance against de Montfort. Victor at Evesham In August 1265, de Montfort's army was surrounded by the River Avon on three sides, and Prince Edward's army on the fourth. Mortimer had sent his men to block the only possible escape route, at the Bengeworth bridge. The Battle of Evesham began in earnest. A storm roared above the battle field. Montfort's Welsh soldiers broke and ran for the bridge, where they were slaughtered by Mortimer's men. Mortimer himself killed Hugh Despencer and Simon de Montfort in crushing Montfort's army. Mortimer was awarded Montfort's severed head and other parts of his anatomy, which he sent home to Wigmore Castle as a gift for his wife, Lady Mortimer. Marriage and children Lady Mortimer was Maud de Braose, daughter of William de Braose, Lord of Abergavenny by Eva Marshal. Roger Mortimer had married her in 1247. She was, like him, a scion of a Welsh Marches family. Their children were: Ralph Mortimer, died 1276. Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer (1251-1304), married Margaret de Fiennes, the daughter of William II de Fiennes and Blanche de Brienne. Had issue, including Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March Isabella Mortimer, died 1292. She married (1) John Fitzalan, 7th Earl of Arundel, (2) Robert de Hastings Margaret Mortimer, died 1297. She married Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford Roger Mortimer of Chirk, died 1326. Geoffrey Mortimer, a knight William Mortimer, a knight Iseult de Mortimer, she died shortly before 4 Aug 1338. She married Hugh de Audley, Knight and Lord Audley Their eldest son, Ralph, was a famed knight but died in his youth. The second son, Edmund, was recalled from Oxford University and appointed his father's heir. Epitaph Roger Mortimer died on 30 October 1282, and was buried at Wigmore Abbey, where his tombstone read: Here lies buried, glittering with praise, Roger the pure, Roger Mortimer the second, called Lord of Wigmore by those who held him dear. While he lived all Wales feared his power, and given as a gift to him all Wales remained his. It knew his campaigns, he subjected it to torment. | de Mortimer, Roger Lord of Wigmore (I556)
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| 579 | He gained the title of Prince of Kiev in 1078. | Vyacheslav Prince of Kiev (I2556)
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| 580 | He gained the title of Prince of Novgorod in 862. Rurik or Riurik (Old East Norse: Rørik, meaning "famous ruler"; ca 830 - ca 879) was a Varangian chieftain who gained control of Ladoga in 862, built the Holmgard settlement near Novgorod, and founded the Rurik Dynasty which ruled Russia until the 17th century. Name Riurik is the Slavic rendering of the same Germanic name as the modern English Roderick, or Spanish and Portuguese Rodrigo. In old Germanic languages it had forms such as Hrodric (Old High German) and Hroðricus (Old English). In Old Norse, Hrœrekr (Norway, Iceland) and Hrøri-kr or Rørik (Denmark, Sweden), from which Riurik is derived. The name also appears in Beowulf as Hre-ðri-k. History There is a debate over how Rurik came to control Ladoga and Novgorod. The only information about him is contained in the 12th-century Russian Primary Chronicle, which states that Chuds, Slavs, Merias, Veses and Krivichs "…drove the Varangians back beyond the sea, refused to pay them tribute, and set out to govern themselves". Afterwards the tribes started fighting each other and decided to invite Rurik to reestablish order. Rurik remained in power until his death in 879. His successors (the Rurik Dynasty), however, moved the capital to Kiev and founded the state of Kievan Rus, which persisted until 1240, the time of Mongol invasion. A number of extant princely families are patrilineally descended from Rurik, although the last Rurikid to rule Russia, Vasily IV, died in 1612. Grave There is a large 9th-century funerary barrow in Novgorod Oblast, reminiscent of the mounds at Old Uppsala, Sweden, which is called Shum Gora. Intricately defended against looting, it remains to be excavated. The local inhabitants refer to it as Rurik's Grave. Disputed origin Even though some historians emphasize folklore roots for the Rurik legend and consequently dismiss Rurik as a legendary figure, there is a controversy about his ethnic origins in Eastern Europe. According to the Primary Chronicle Rurik was one of the Rus, a Varangian tribe likened by the chronicler to Danes, Swedes, English and Gotlanders. In the 20th century, archaeologists partly corroborated the chronicle's version of events. It was discovered that the settlement of Ladoga, whose foundation has been ascribed to Rurik, was actually established in the mid-9th century, although doubt is now cast on this by the dendrochronological evidence that Ladoga existed by the mid-8th century. Earthenware, household utensils, and types of buildings from the period of Rurik's foundation correspond to patterns then prevalent in Jutland. Some Slavic historians argue that the account of Rurik's invitation was borrowed by a pro-Scandinavian chronicler from a hypothetical Norse document. For instance, the Primary Chronicle states that Rurik arrived to Slavic lands with two brothers, Sineus and Truvor, and sent them to rule the towns of Beloozero and Izborsk, respectively. Instead of connecting Sineus to Signjotr and Truvor to Torvald, they suggest that the chronicler read a hypothetical Scandinavian document and misinterpreted the Norse words 'sine hus' (their houses) and 'tru voring' (with loyal guard) as the names of Rurik's brothers: Sineus and Truvor. There is another theory that Rurik, on account of common intermarriages between Varangians and Slavic women, was of mixed Slavic-Varangian descent. This theory is based on the information of the first modern historian of Russia, Vasily Tatishchev (a Rurikid himself), who claimed that Rurik was of Wendish extraction. He went so far as to name his wife, Ufanda of Norway (Endvinda? Alfrind?); mother, Umila; his maternal grandfather, Gostomysl; and a cousin, Vadim. Those who assume good faith on Tatishchev's part point out that he based his account on the lost Ioachim Chronicle. Hrörek of Dorestad The only Hrörek described in Western chronicles was Rorik of Dorestad, a konung from the royal Scylding house of Haithabu. Since the 19th century, there have been attempts to identify him with the Viking prince Rurik of Russian chronicles. Roerik of Dorestad was born about 810/820 to Ali Anulo, 9th King of Haithabu. Frankish chroniclers mention that he received lands in Friesland from the Emperor Louis I. This was not enough for him, and he started to plunder neighbouring lands: he took Dorestad in 850, captured Haithabu in 857 and looted Bremen in 859. The Emperor was enraged and stripped him of all his possessions in 860. After that Roerik disappears from the Western sources for a considerable period of time. And at that very moment, in 862, the Russian Rurik arrives in the Eastern Baltic, builds the fortress of Ladoga and later moves to Novgorod. Roerik of Dorestad reappeared in Frankish chronicles in 870, when his Friesland demesne was returned to him by Charles the Bald; in 882 he is already mentioned as dead. The Russian chronicle places the death of Rurik of Novgorod at 879. According to Western sources, the ruler of Friesland was converted to Christianity by the Franks. This may have parallels with the Christianization of the Rus', as reported by Patriarch Photius in 867. Rurikid dynasty The Rurikid dynasty went on to rule the Kievan Rus', and ultimately the Tsardom of Russia until 1598. Numerous noble Russian and Ruthenian families claim a male-line descent from Rurik, and via Anne of Kiev, wife of Henry I of France, Rurikid ancestry can also be argued for numerous Western European lineages. Genetic investigation According to the FamilyTreeDNA Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project, Rurik appears to have belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup N1c1, based on testing of his modern male line descendants. But while genetically related to the later Baltic Finnic peoples, the Rurikids do not possess the DYS390=24 mutation associated with East Finns and Karelians, theirs remaining the ancestral DYS390=23 (which is also found among West Finns). The Rurikid haplotype itself (all 67 markers considered) is more closely associated with Northern Germanic language speakers. It is not known what languages Rurik and his fellow Varangians spoke. However, it is known that the Finnish language area (Meänkieli and Kven dialects of Finnish) in the past covered a much larger territory of the modern area of Sweden than it does today. Uppland, where Rurik allegedly was born, was during his lifetime bordered by Norrland - the entire northern half of today's Sweden -, which then was not a part of the Northern Germanic language zone. The descendants of the primeval Finnic people of the modern area of Sweden today speak largely Swedish. | Rurik Prince of Novgorod (I4237)
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| 581 | He gained the title of Roi Carloman de France in 879. He gained the title of Roi Carloman de Bourgogne. He gained the title of Roi Carloman d'Aquitaine. Carloman II (c. 866 - 12 December 884), King of Western Francia, was the youngest son of King Louis the Stammerer and Ansgarde of Burgundy, and became king, jointly with his brother Louis III of France, on his father's death in 879. Some nobles advocated electing a sole king, but eventually both brothers were elected kings. Although doubts were cast upon their legitimacy, the brothers obtained recognition and in March 880 divided their father's realm at Amiens, Carloman receiving Burgundy and Aquitaine. However, Duke Boso had renounced his allegiance to both brothers and had been elected King of Provence. In the summer of 880 the brothers Carloman and Louis marched against him, took Mâcon and the northern parts of Boso's realm. They united their forces with those of Charles the Fat and unsuccessfully besieged Vienne from August to November. Only in the summer of 882, Vienne was taken after being besieged by Richard, Count of Autun. About the same time, in August 882, Carloman became sole king owing to his brother's death, but the kingdom was in a deplorable condition partly owing to incursions from the Norman raiders, and his power was very circumscribed. There were revolts of the feudal lords even in Burgundy. Carloman met his death while hunting on 12 December 884 and was succeeded in the rule by his cousin, the Emperor Charles the Fat. | Carloman Roi de France (I1455)
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| 582 | He gained the title of Roi Louis III de France in 879.1 He gained the title of King Louis III of Neustria. Louis III (863 - 5 August 882) was the King of France, still then called West Francia, from 879 until his death. The second son of Louis the Stammerer and his first wife, Ansgarde, he succeeded his father to reign jointly with his younger brother Carloman II, who became sole ruler on Louis's death. His short reign was marked by military success. Louis was born while his father was still just King of Aquitaine and his grandfather, Charles the Bald, was ruling West Francia. Some doubts were raised as to their legitimacy, since their parents had married secretly and Ansgarde was later repudiated at Charles insistence. When Charles (877) and then the elder Louis died within two years, some nobles advocated electing the younger Louis as sole king, but another party favoured each brother ruling a separate sphere of the country. In September 879 Louis was crowned at Ferrières. In March 880 at Amiens the brothers divided their father's kingdom, Louis receiving the northern part, called Neustria or sometimes simply Francia. One of Charles the Bald's most trusted lieutenants, Duke Boso had renounced his allegiance to both brothers and had been elected King of Provence. In the summer of 880 Carloman and Louis marched against him and captured Mâcon and the northern part of Boso's realm. They united their forces with those of their cousin Charles the Fat, then ruling Germany and Italy, and unsuccessfully besieged Vienne from August to November. In 881 Louis achieved a momentous victory against Viking pirates, whose harassments had been ongoing since his grandfather's reign, at the Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu. Within a year of the battle an anonymous poet had celebrated it and the king, for both his prowess and piety, in the Old High German short poem Ludwigslied. Louis died on 5 August 882 at Saint Denis in the centre of his realm, having fallen from his horse whilst chasing a girl with amorous intent. Since he had no children, his brother Carloman became the sole king and the victor of Saucourt was buried in the royal mausoleum of the Basilica of Saint-Denis. | Louis Roi de France III (I1456)
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| 583 | He gained the title of Subregulus of Kent, Essex, Sussex and Surrey in 839. | Æðelstan (I1726)
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| 584 | He gained the title of Vicomte de Bayeux [Normandy] in 1089, or 'de la Bessin', of which Bayeux is the capital. Ranulf de Briquessart (or Ranulf the Viscount) (died c. 1089 or soon after) was an 11th century Norman magnate and viscount. Ranulf's family were connected to the House of Normandy by marriage, and, besides Odo, bishop of Bayeux, was the most powerful magnate in the Bessin region. He married Margaret, daughter of Richard Goz, viscount of the Avranchin, whose son and successor Hugh d'Avranches became Earl of Chester in England c. 1070. Ranulf is probably the "Ranulf the viscount" who witnessed a charter of William, Duke of Normandy, at Caen on 17 June 1066. Ranulf helped preside over a judgement in the curia of King William (as duke) in 1076 in which a disputed mill was awarded to the Abbey of Mont St. Michael. On 14 July 1080 he witnessed a charter to the Abbey of Lessay (in the diocese of Coutances), another in the same year addressed to Remigius de Fécamp bishop of Lincoln in favour of the Abbey of Préaux. and one more in the same period, 1079 x 1082, to the Abbey of St Stephen of Caen. His name is attached to a memorandum in 1085, and on 24 April 1089 he witnessed a confirmation of Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy and Count of Maine to St Mary of Bayeaux, where he appears below his son in the witness list. He probably died sometime after this. His son Ranulf le Meschin became ruler of Cumberland and later Earl of Chester. The Durham Liber Vitae, c. 1098 x 1120, shows that his eldest son was one Richard, who died in youth, and that he had another son named William. He also had a daughter called Agnes, who later married Robert de Grandmesnil (died 1136). | Ranulf de Gernon Vicomte de Bessin (I1421)
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| 585 | He held the office of Archbishop of Cologne. | Herzog von Lothringen, Bruno (I859)
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| 586 | He held the office of Archbishop of Rouen. | fitz Robert, Richard (I392)
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| 587 | He held the office of Bishop of Carlisle. | Strickland, William (I3578)
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| 588 | He held the office of Bishop of Evreux. | Fleitel, William (I165)
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| 589 | He held the office of Bishop of Hereford between 1200 and 1215. He succeeded to the title of Lord Abergavenny [Feudal] on 10 August 1211. On 21 October 1215 the King confirmed his seizure of his father's Welsh possessions, on payment of a fine. | de Briouze, Giles (I3588)
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| 590 | He held the office of Bishop of Laon. | de Laon, Rorico (I2595)
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| 591 | He held the office of Bishop of Puy. | d'Anjou, Drogo (I2311)
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| 592 | He held the office of Bishop of Puy. | d'Anjou, Guy (I2828)
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| 593 | He held the office of Bishop of Soissons. | d'Anjou, Guy (I2314)
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| 594 | He held the office of Bishop of Worcester. | fitz Robert, Roger (I1305)
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| 595 | He held the office of Co-regent of Mercia in 787.1He succeeded to the title of King Ecgfrið of Mercia in July 796. | Ecgfrið King of Mercia (I3819)
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| 596 | He held the office of Constable of Scotland. | of Galloway, Roland (I3260)
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| 597 | He held the office of Dean of St. Mary's, Hastings. | Hastings, Henry (I1283)
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| 598 | He held the office of Governor of Porchester Castle. | Culwen, John (I130)
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| 599 | He held the office of Governor of Rennes. Governor of Petronille d'Auxerre. Ingelger (or Ingelgarius) (died 888) was a Frankish nobleman, who stands at the head of the Plantagenet dynasty. Later generations of his family believed he was the son of Tertullus (Tertulle) and Petronilla. Around 877 he inherited his father Tertullus's lands in accordance with the Capitulary of Quierzy which Charles the Bald had issued. His father's holdings from the king included Château-Landon in beneficium, and he was a casatus in the Gâtinais and Francia. Contemporary records refer to Ingelger as a miles optimus, a great military man. Later family tradition makes his mother a relative of Hugh the Abbot, an influential counselor of both Louis II and Louis III of France, from whom he received preferment. By Louis II Ingelger was appointed viscount of Orléans, which city was under the rule of its bishops at the time. At Orléans Ingelger made a matrimonial alliance with one of the leading families of Neustria, the lords of Amboise. He married Adelais, whose maternal uncles were Adalard, Archbishop of Tours, and Raino, Bishop of Angers. Later Ingelger was appointed prefect (military commander) at Tours, then ruled by Adalard. At some point Ingelger was appointed Count of Anjou, at a time when the county stretched only as far west as the Mayenne River. Later sources credit his appointment to his defence of the region from Vikings, but modern scholars have been more likely to see it as a result of his wife's influential relatives. He was buried in the church of Saint-Martin at Châteauneuf-sur-Sarthe. He was succeeded by his son Fulk the Red. | Ingelger (I176)
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| 600 | He held the office of Justice Itinerant and Escheator, North of the trent. He held the office of Attorney-General in 1292. He held the office of Member of Parliament (M.P.) for Westmorland in 1300. He held the office of Member of Parliament (M.P.) for Westmorland in 1305. He held the office of Judge of the King's Bench in 1312. [thePeerage.com] | Lowther, Sir Hugh (I350)
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